Mortality in Ireland at Advanced Ages, 1950-2006: Part 1: Crude Rates

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Unexpected Result ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Crude Mortality ◽  
Death Count

ABSTRACTWe examine the data and techniques underlying the estimation of mortality rates at older ages in Ireland since 1950. Previous attempts to elucidate the level and trends in mortality at advanced ages in Ireland have been frustrated by significant non-random biases arising from age exaggeration and age heaping, together with a lack of correspondence, growing with increasing age, between the exposed-to-risk estimated from census data and the death count from registration data. Applying the method of extinct generations, we re-estimate crude mortality rates and report the somewhat unexpected result that mortality rates were lower, and did not increase as steeply with age, than those recorded in the official Irish Life Tables. The reestimated crude rates show, for both sexes, a very slight decrease in mortality rates between the 1950s and 1980s up to age 90 years, with no improvement discernible at older ages. Improvements at advanced ages in Ireland have lagged behind those in England and Wales and other developed countries over the same period. The companion paper,Mortality in Ireland at Advanced Ages, 1950–2006: Part 2: Graduated Rates, Whelan (2009), graduates the crude rates and extends the method of extinct generations to estimate mortality rates of more recent, still surviving, generations.

The human lifespan

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (A) ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Bernard Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
Future Extension ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
The Way

This paper examines the distribution of deaths in life tables for the population of England and Wales as a means of exploring the way in which the length of life is steadily advancing. To assess the possibility for future extension, some extreme assumptions are made about the reduction in mortality rates for certain causes. A distinction is made between ‘anticipated' deaths and ‘senescent' deaths, the latter group falling within bounds either side of a terminal peak in the distribution of deaths by age. For males, the extreme assumptions yield a peak at age 86 with some 85 per cent of deaths within the senescent area. For females, the peak is at about age 92 with 90 per cent of deaths in the senescent area.

scholarly journals Visualising regional inequalities in the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic in England and Wales

2020 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2096942
Author(s):  
Clare Bambra ◽  
Paul Norman ◽  
Niall Philip Alan Sean Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
The South ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Regional Inequalities ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Crude Mortality ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

We examine regional inequalities in mortality from the 1918 pandemic in England and Wales. Crude mortality rates (per 100,000 for June 1918 to May 1919) from the Registrar General’s 1920 report were directly allocated to crude mortality rates for 306 administrative units. A custom GIS ShapeFile was constructed to map the rates first as a choropleth and then as a cartogram. The visualisations show a clear north-south divide in mortality in England with the northern areas and – to a lesser extent – the midlands and Wales having higher rates than the south. It also demonstrates an urban-rural divide with more sparsely populated areas – across both England and Wales – having lower rates.

Experiments in Graduating the Data for the English Life Tables (No. 14)

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 135-147
Author(s):  
J. J. McCutcheon
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Cubic Splines ◽  
Crude Mortality ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
The Government

By courtesy of the Government Actuary, the preliminary data relating to the proposed English Life Tables (No. 14) were made available to the author. In this paper we describe briefly the graduation of the underlying crude mortality rates by cubic splines and give an outline of the salient features of the graduations finally adopted. Complete details of the English Life Tables are given in reference 1, which also includes historical comparisons.

scholarly journals Education inequalities in adult all-cause mortality: first national data for Australia using linked census and mortality data

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 511-518
Author(s):  
Rosemary J Korda ◽  
Nicholas Biddle ◽  
John Lynch ◽  
James Eynstone-Hinkins ◽  
Kay Soga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Census Data ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
National Data ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Abstract Background National linked mortality and census data have not previously been available for Australia. We estimated education-based mortality inequalities from linked census and mortality data that are suitable for international comparisons. Methods We used the Australian Bureau of Statistics Death Registrations to Census file, with data on deaths (2011–2012) linked probabilistically to census data (linkage rate 81%). To assess validity, we compared mortality rates by age group (25–44, 45–64, 65–84 years), sex and area-inequality measures to those based on complete death registration data. We used negative binomial regression to quantify inequalities in all-cause mortality in relation to five levels of education [‘Bachelor degree or higher’ (highest) to ‘no Year 12 and no post-secondary qualification’ (lowest)], separately by sex and age group, adjusting for single year of age and correcting for linkage bias and missing education data. Results Mortality rates and area-based inequality estimates were comparable to published national estimates. Men aged 25–84 years with the lowest education had age-adjusted mortality rates 2.20 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.08‒2.33] times those of men with the highest education. Among women, the rate ratio was 1.64 (1.55‒1.74). Rate ratios were 3.87 (3.38‒4.44) in men and 2.57 (2.15‒3.07) in women aged 25–44 years, decreasing to 1.68 (1.60‒1.76) in men and 1.44 (1.36‒1.53) in women aged 65–84 years. Absolute education inequalities increased with age. One in three to four deaths (31%) was associated with less than Bachelor level education. Conclusions These linked national data enabled valid estimates of education inequality in mortality suitable for international comparisons. The magnitude of relative inequality is substantial and similar to that reported for other high-income countries.

Mortality in Ireland at Advanced Ages, 1950-2006: Part 2: Graduated Rates

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Close Correspondence ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Mortality Curve ◽  
Straightforward Approach ◽  
Rate Of Improvement

ABSTRACTWe graduate the Irish mortality experience from 1950 to 2003 by mathematical formulae from ages 75 years and upwards. The shape of the mortality curve at advanced ages is shown to be different to that recorded in the official tables, with the curve best fitted with Kannisto's version of Perks's Law. Mortality rates show only a modest trend of improvement in the early decades, below improvements in other developed countries. We evaluate the various approaches suggested to date to extend the method of extinct generations so mortality rates for non-extinct generations can be estimated. It is shown that the key advantage of this method is not in correcting for age misstatements but in achieving a close correspondence between death counts and the exposed to risk. This insight allows a rather straightforward approach to estimating the mortality of non-extinct generations. Applying the approach, we show that there has been an acceleration in the rate of improvement in more recent decades, but secular improvements in Irish mortality at advanced ages still lag behind those of England and Wales.

The human lifespan

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (A) ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Bernard Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Human Lifespan ◽  
Future Extension ◽  
Length Of Life ◽  
The Way

This paper examines the distribution of deaths in life tables for the population of England and Wales as a means of exploring the way in which the length of life is steadily advancing. To assess the possibility for future extension, some extreme assumptions are made about the reduction in mortality rates for certain causes. A distinction is made between ‘anticipated' deaths and ‘senescent' deaths, the latter group falling within bounds either side of a terminal peak in the distribution of deaths by age. For males, the extreme assumptions yield a peak at age 86 with some 85 per cent of deaths within the senescent area. For females, the peak is at about age 92 with 90 per cent of deaths in the senescent area.

scholarly journals Joint modelling of male and female mortality rates using adaptive P-splines

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Kai Hon Tang ◽  
Erengul Dodd ◽  
Jonathan J. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
Joint Modelling ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Crude Mortality

Abstract Raw mortality data often exhibit irregular patterns due to randomness. Graduation refers to the act of smoothing crude mortality rates. In this paper, we propose a flexible and robust methodology for graduating mortality rates using adaptive P-splines. Since the observed data at high ages are often sparse and unreliable, we use an exponentially increasing penalty. We use mortality data of England and Wales and model male and female mortality rates jointly by means of penalties, achieving borrowing of information between the two sexes.

scholarly journals Monitoring Urban Sprawl Using Time-Series Data: Famagusta Region of Northern Cyprus

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110074
Author(s):  
Kamyar Fuladlu ◽  
Müge Riza ◽  
Mustafa Ilkan
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Great Success ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Northern Cyprus

Monitoring urban sprawl is a controversial topic among scholars. Many studies have tried to employ various methods for monitoring urban sprawl in cases of North American and Northern and Western European cities. Although numerous methods have been applied with great success in various developed countries, they are predominantly impractical for cases of developing Mediterranean European cities that lack reliable census data. Besides, the complexity of the methods made them difficult to perform in underfunded situations. Therefore, this study aims to develop a new multidimensional method that researchers and planners can apply readily in developing Mediterranean European cities. The new method was tested in the Famagusta region of Northern Cyprus, which has been experiencing unplanned growth for the past half-century. In support of this proposal, a detailed review of the existing literature is presented with an emphasis on urban sprawl characteristics. Four characteristics were chosen to monitor urban sprawl’s development in the Famagusta region. The method was structured based on a time-series (2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016) dataset that used remote sensing data and geographical information systems to monitor the urban sprawl. Based on the findings, the Famagusta region experienced rapid growth during the last 15 years. The lack of a masterplan resulted in the uncontrolled expansion of the city in the exurban areas. The development configuration was polycentric and linear in form with single-use composition. Together, the expansion and configuration manifested as more built-up area, scattered development, and increased automobile dependency.

scholarly journals An experimental factor analysis of cancer mortality in England and Wales 1921–30

1952 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Buckatzsch ◽  
Richard Doll
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Male Body ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Cancer Of The Rectum ◽  
Cancer Of The Stomach ◽  
Method Of Principal Components ◽  
Special Factor

A Factor Analysis has been made of the co-variation between the mortality rates from cancer of ten male body sites and of eight female body sites, in thirty large towns in England and Wales from 1921 to 1930. The method of analysis adopted is Hotelling's method of Principal Components.Four male and four female Factors are obtained, which together account for approximately three-quarters of the total variance.A Factor is found to be associated with cancer of the larynx, oesophagus, stomach and tongue in men and with cancer of the stomach and negatively with cancer of the breast and ovaries in women. In both sexes, the Factors are associated with an index of adverse social conditions.Another Factor is found to be associated with cancer of the rectum and bladder in men and this Factor is associated with good social conditions.A special Factor associated with cancer of the colon is unrelated to the mortality from cancer of other sites, save that in women it is negatively associated with cancer of the rectum.A Factor for cancer of the lung in men is unrelated to cancer of the larynx, and is inversely related to cancer of the tongue.We are most grateful to Dr Percy Stocks, late of the General Register Office, and to Dr W. P. D. Logan, Chief Medical Statistician of the General Register Office, for their help in providing us with the relevant basic material; and to Miss E. M. Hines, Miss A. H. Huntley and Miss M. Rogers for assistance in the calculations.

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