The effects of feeding compound concentrate supplements with either a low or high level of true methionine digested in the small intestine (DVmet) to dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
R.L.G. Zom ◽  
E. Kamerman ◽  
G. Remmelink ◽  
G. van Duinkerken
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Cattle Feeds ◽  
True Protein ◽  
High Level

The Dutch DVE/OEB protein evaluation system (Tamminga et al., 1994) gives predictions for the concentration of whole true protein digested in the small intestine (DVE) in cattle feeds, but not for the concentration of single amino acids. Therefore, new standard methods has been introduced for the prediction of true methionine and lysine digested in the small intestine (DVmet and DVlys, respectively) in cattle feeds based on the principles of the calculation of DVE (van Duinkerken and Blok, 1998). These methods give the opportunity to select particular feeds and concentrate ingredients in order to manipulate the concentration of DVmet and DVlys in diets and compound concentrates. However, in the Netherlands, there are no recommendations for DVmet and DVlys in dairy cow rations established yet. An experiment was therefore conducted to study the effects of feeding compound concentrate supplements with either a low (L) or high (H) level of DVmet on feed intake and milk production in dairy cows fed a grass and maize silage mixture ad libitum

Maize silage for the pasture-fed dairy cow. 3. A comparison with greenchop maize grazing perennial pasture in late summer

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
JB Moran
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Maize Grain

Dairy cows in mid lactation were pen-fed ad libitum maize silage, ad libitum maize greenchop, or restricted maize greenchop. A cottonseed meal supplement was also fed at 20% forage maize DM. The maize greenchop was harvested daily over 5 weeks during February and March. Both forms of forage maize were fed to sheep in metabolism cages. Digestibility was always higher with maize silage. Digestibility of maize greenchop improved with time until 34-36% DM, after which it declined, this being associated with changes in structural carbohydrates in the crop. Cows fed maize silage produced more milk and gained less weight than cows fed both greenchop diets. In a concurrent field trial, cows grazed irrigated perennial pastures in late summer and were offered 7-8 kg DM/day of the silage or greenchop. Additional cows were allocated extra pasture with no supplement. Treatment differences in milk production and liveweight change were not significant. There were differences in rumen metabolism between diets in both pen-fed and grazed cows; rumen ammonia levels increased during the day in cows fed maize silage, but they decreased or remained constant when maize greenchop was fed. There was more maize grain in greenchop at physiological maturity than in silage, and this could have contributed to observed differences in performance and rumen metabolism. The low rumen ammonia levels, and the fact that forage maize was higher in energy than the pasture on offer, suggest that milk response would have improved with the inclusion of a rumen-degradable nitrogen source such as urea with the forage maize supplements.

Maize silage and Italian ryegrass silage as high-energy forages in organic dairy cow diets: Differences in feed intake, milk yield and quality, and nitrogen efficiency

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Baldinger ◽  
W. Zollitsch ◽  
W.F. Knaus
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Organic Dairy

AbstractDuring the winter feeding period in organic dairy production systems in the alpine and pre-alpine regions of Austria and its neighboring countries, maize silage is an energy-rich forage that is regularly included in grass-silage-based diets to improve the energy supply of the cows. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) is also a high-energy fodder grass popular as forage for dairy cows, but it is rarely cultivated in Austrian organic agriculture. The two crops differ in their cultivation demands and characteristics. Italian ryegrass establishes rapidly and may reduce the risk of soil erosion. Italian ryegrass would be a beneficial addition to crop rotation, which is an essential tool in successful organic farming. In a 15-week feeding trial, Italian ryegrass silage and maize silage were fed to 22 lactating Holstein dairy cows. Organically produced Italian ryegrass silage and maize silage were included at a rate of 40% [of dry matter (DM)] in grass-silage-based mixed basal diets. The mixed basal diets were supplemented with modest amounts of additional concentrates (2.7–3.0 kg DM day−1). Owing to the higher energy content of maize silage as compared to Italian ryegrass silage, the maize diet provided more energy [6.3 MJ net energy for lactation (NEL) kg−1DM] than the ryegrass diet (6.15 MJ NEL kg−1DM). The protein supply of the maize diet and the ryegrass diet was intended to be equal, but in fact the protein content of the maize diet was significantly lower (122 g crude protein kg−1DM) than that of the ryegrass diet (141 g kg−1DM). When the maize diet was fed, feed intake, milk yield and milk protein content were significantly higher as compared to the ryegrass diet. Also, intake of crude protein was significantly lower when feeding the maize diet, and in combination with the higher milk protein yield, this enabled an efficiency of gross nitrogen (N) utilization as high as 0.304. This level of N efficiency can be considered as above average and was significantly and considerably higher than the level of 0.259 observed when the ryegrass diet was fed. Therefore, maize silage upholds its reputation as an ideal energy-rich component in grass-silage-based dairy cow diets.

Update of the Dutch protein evaluation system for ruminants: the DVE/OEB2010system

2010 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. VAN DUINKERKEN ◽  
M. C. BLOK ◽  
A. BANNINK ◽  
J. W. CONE ◽  
J. DIJKSTRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
True Protein ◽  
New Research ◽  
Degradable Protein

SUMMARYIn the current Dutch protein evaluation system (the DVE/OEB1991system), two characteristics are calculated for each feed: true protein digested in the intestine (DVE) and the rumen degradable protein balance (OEB). Of these, DVE represents the protein value of a feed, while OEB is the difference between the potential microbial protein synthesis (MPS) on the basis of available rumen degradable protein and that on the basis of available rumen degradable energy. DVE can be separated into three components: (i) feed crude protein undegraded in the rumen but digested in the small intestine, (ii) microbial true protein synthesized in the rumen and digested in the small intestine, and (iii) endogenous protein lost in the digestive processes.Based on new research findings, the DVE/OEB1991system has recently been updated to the DVE/OEB2010system. More detail and differentiation is included concerning the representation of chemical components in feed, the rumen degradation characteristics of these components, the efficiency of MPS and the fractional passage rates. For each chemical component, the soluble, washout, potentially degradable and truly non-degradable fractions are defined with separate fractional degradation rates. Similarly, fractional passage rates for each of these fractions were identified and partly expressed as a function of fractional degradation rate. Efficiency of MPS is related to the various fractions of the chemical components and their associated fractional passage rates. Only minor changes were made with respect to the amount of DVE required for maintenance and production purposes of the animal. Differences from other current protein evaluation systems, viz. the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein system and the Feed into Milk system, are discussed.

Effect of a fibrolytic enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the rumen microbial population of dairy cows

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
V L Nsereko ◽  
K A Beauchemin ◽  
D P Morgavi ◽  
L M Rode ◽  
A F Furtado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Viable Bacteria

The effects of supplementing a dairy cow diet with incremental levels of a fibrolytic enzyme preparation (preparation B) from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the rumen microbial population were investigated. Two cows fitted with rumen cannulae were each fed a diet containing barley-based concentrate (52%), maize silage (29%), and chopped alfalfa hay (19%), supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 5, or 10 L of preparation B per tonne of dry matter (DM). Preparation B stimulated numbers of total viable bacteria in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05), to approximately 230, 330, 390, and 250% at 1, 2, 5, and 10 L·t–1 DM, respectively. Preparation B increased the numbers of cellobiose-utilizing (P < 0.01), xylanolytic (P < 0.05), and amylolytic bacteria (P < 0.05), but had no effect (P > 0.05) on numbers of cellulolytic bacteria. However, when bacterial numbers enumerated on each substrate were expressed as a proportion of total viable bacterial numbers, only cellobiose utilizers were stimulated, and this stimulation was limited to the 1 L·t–1 DM level of preparation B (P < 0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that the inclusion of an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparation in dairy cow diets increased the numbers of rumen bacteria that utilize hemicelluloses and secondary products of cellulose digestion.Key words: rumen, fibrolytic enzymes, cellulase, xylanase, cellulolytic, xylanolytic.

Effects of level and form of dietary zinc on dairy cow performance and health

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 101-101
Author(s):  
C. M. Atkin ◽  
A. M. Mackenzie ◽  
D. Wilde ◽  
L. A. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Inclusion Rate ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cow Health ◽  
Recommended Level

It is well established that zinc is an essential micro-nutrient required to maintain health and performance in dairy cows (Underwood and Suttle, 2004). Cattle diets are traditionally supplemented with inorganic minerals (e.g. zinc oxide), but these may be poorly absorbed, resulting in an economic and environmental cost due to excess minerals being excreted. It is claimed organically bound minerals are able to resist interaction before and at the absorption site in the small intestine (Power, 2006), which may result in a lower dietary inclusion rate being required. The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of an organically bound source of Zn as a replacement for inorganic Zn on dairy cow health and performance when supplemented at and below the recommended level.

Effects of mixtures of red clover and maize silages on milk production and Nitrogen utilisation by dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 23-23
Author(s):  
R. J. Dewhurst ◽  
R. J. Merry ◽  
L. J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Oil Resources ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Use

Legumes are important to sustainable agriculture because of their N fixing ability and consequent reduced reliance on increasingly scarce oil resources. Our previous studies showed consistently higher intakes and milk yields when red clover silage replaced grass silage in dairy cow diets (Dewhurst et al., 2003). However, the increased intakes of a forage which contains higher levels of N led to a reduction in the efficiency of conversion of feed N into milk N (g/g) from around 0.25 to 0.20 or less. Maize silage has similar high intake characteristics, but its low N content and considerable starch content suggest that it would be highly complementary to red clover silage in terms of N-use efficiency. This study evaluated production and efficiency responses to mixtures of red clover and maize silages in comparison with perennial ryegrass silage.

Limitations in digestible methionine in the intestine (MetDI) for milk protein secretion in dairy cows fed a ration based on grass silage

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 158-158
Author(s):  
Y. Chilliard ◽  
J. Rouel ◽  
A. Ollier ◽  
J. Bony ◽  
K. Tanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Secretion ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Grass Silage

The interest for increasing post-ruminal methionine supplies for dairy cows fed maize silage based rations has been clearly demonstrated (Sloan 1992). Theoretically grass silage based rations are also deficient in methionine in most dietary situations. Expressed as a percentage of PDIE (protein digestible in the small intestine when energy is limiting microbial protein synthesis in the rumen) the metDI value for grass silage approximates 1.95 compared to 1.97 for maize silage.This trial was conducted, to verify, if in practice, methionine alone could limit milk protein secretion in dairy cows fed grass silage based rations.

Factors effecting the feeding value of maize and grass silage in late lactation dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 79-79
Author(s):  
F.J. Mulligan ◽  
F.P. O'Mara ◽  
M. Rath ◽  
P.J. Caffrey ◽  
J. Callan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Degradable Protein

Higher dry matter intakes (DMI) have been reported in dairy cows fed maize silage than in dairy cows fed grass silage. The objective of this experiment was to investigate this phenomenon by the measurement of digestibility and the determination of rumen outflow rates for both forages. The response in milk production of late lactation dairy cows to grass or maize silage was also measured.Fourteen late lactation multiparous dairy cows (n = 7) were fed diets containing either grass silage (GS) (DM: 197g/kg; pH: 4.05; NDF: 642g/kg DM) or high starch maize silage (MS) (DM: 339g/kg; pH: 3.94; starch: 360g/kg DM; NDF: 442g/kg DM) ad-libitum plus 4kgs/hd/day of a dairy concentrate (233g CP/kg DM). Urea (460g N/kg DM) was used as a source of degradable protein (10g/kg DM) for the MS diet which also included straw (40g/kg DM). Dietary NDF equalled 542 and 423g/kg DM for the GS and MS diet.

Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking the intake potential of forage mixtures by dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 193-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Harrison ◽  
D.L Romney ◽  
R.H Phipps ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Forage Mixtures

Studies conducted by Moseley and Manendez (1989) and Gill and Romney (1994) have indicated a good correlation between potential intake rate and voluntary food intake for certain feedstuffs. Therefore development of a simple technique to assess intake rate could enable rapid assessment of feed acceptability. This experiment examined what will be termed Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking forage mixtures in terms of intake potential.Five individually fed multiparous Fresian Holstein dairy cows were offered five silage based diets ad libitum daily for five days in a latin square design. The diets consisted of grass silage (A), or grass silage and maize silage in a 1:3 DM ratio (B, C, D and E). The DM content of the grass silage (A) was 279 g DM/kg, and the target DM content of the maize silage used in diets B, C, D and E was 230, 280, 300 and 380 g DM/kg respectively. The DM content of the forage mixtures B, C, D and E were 278, 302, 318 and 373 g DM/kg.

scholarly journals Rumen degradability and whole tract digestibility of flavonolignans from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) fruit expeller in dairy cows

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Křížová ◽  
J. Watzková ◽  
J. Třináctý ◽  
M. Richter ◽  
M. Buchta
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The Other ◽  
Milk Thistle ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Silybum Marianum ◽  
Mass Percentage ◽  
Ad Libitum

The objective of this study was to determine rumen degradability and total digestibility of flavonolignans from a milk thistle fruit expeller in dairy cows considering milk production and changes in plasma flavonolignans. The experiment was carried out on three lactating Holstein cows and was divided into three periods as follows: preliminary period (Pr, 3 days) was used for the diet stabilization followed by the adaptation period (A, 6 days) in which the treatment was applied and by the balance period (B, 4 days). Cows were fed individually twice a day (6:40 and 16:40 h) ad libitum the diet based on maize silage, lucerne hay and supplemental mixture. In the periods A and B the diet was supplemented with 150 g/day of milk thistle fruit expeller applied in two equal portions at each feeding. Average daily intake of dry matter and basic nutrients was similar in all periods (P &gt; 0.05). Milk yield and composition were not affected by the treatment (P &gt; 0.05). The milk thistle fruit expeller used in this experiment contained 4.10 &plusmn; 0.10 mass percentage of the silymarin complex. Digestibility of silybin A and silybin B was 40.0 and 45.5%, respectively. Digestibility of other components of the silymarin complex was 100%. The highest value of the effective degradation was found for taxifolin (59.11%), while the effective degradation of the other flavonolignans ranged from 23.28 to 35.19%. Animals receiving the milk thistle fruit expeller had a higher content of plasma conjugated silybin (P &lt; 0.001) than those without its supplementation.

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