Pre-incubation of microbes for use in the Pressure Transducer Technique (PTT) of feed evaluation - effect of basal feed composition

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
D M Harris
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Effect Of The Composition ◽  
High Cellulose

The use of the Pressure Transducer Technique (PTT) to evaluate feed degradation as described by Theodorou et al (1994) recognises the presence of a lag phase (1-2h) after introducing the microbial innocula to the feed under investigation. Previous work has shown that this can be reduced by incubating the microbes with a basal feed for 24h prior to the addition of a test feed. This work considered the effect of the composition of this basal feed.Four basal mixtures, Grass silage/conc(G), Hay/cone (H), Maize silage/conc: (M), Whole crop wheat/caustic wheat/cone (W) were prepared plus two mixtures based on purified nutrients to give high Starch (St) and high Cellulose (Ce) contents. 20ml strained, homogenised bovine rumen liquor was added to bottles containing 180ml of media and 1.5g DM of each basal mixture. After 24h of vented incubation at 39°C 1g DM of test feed, (either barley grain or straw both milled to 1 mm) was added and gas production measured at decreasing frequencies over the next 72h. Cumulative gas production at 72h were calculated (Table 1).

Pre-incubation of microbes for use in the Pressure Transducer Technique (PTT) of feed evaluation - effect of basal feed composition

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 220-220
Author(s):  
D M Harris
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Effect Of The Composition ◽  
High Cellulose

The use of the Pressure Transducer Technique (PTT) to evaluate feed degradation as described by Theodorou et al (1994) recognises the presence of a lag phase (1-2h) after introducing the microbial innocula to the feed under investigation. Previous work has shown that this can be reduced by incubating the microbes with a basal feed for 24h prior to the addition of a test feed. This work considered the effect of the composition of this basal feed.Four basal mixtures, Grass silage/conc(G), Hay/cone (H), Maize silage/conc: (M), Whole crop wheat/caustic wheat/cone (W) were prepared plus two mixtures based on purified nutrients to give high Starch (St) and high Cellulose (Ce) contents. 20ml strained, homogenised bovine rumen liquor was added to bottles containing 180ml of media and 1.5g DM of each basal mixture. After 24h of vented incubation at 39°C 1g DM of test feed, (either barley grain or straw both milled to 1 mm) was added and gas production measured at decreasing frequencies over the next 72h. Cumulative gas production at 72h were calculated (Table 1).

The effect of the length of the priming period on fermentation characteristics using the pressure transducer technique

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 217-217
Author(s):  
D. M. Harris ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Donor Animal ◽  
Grass Silage

The pressure transducer technique of Theodorou et al. (1984) is becoming of increasing importance in food evaluation. The main advantage over end-point procedures is the collection of kinetic data on a food. Previously such data were only obtained by sequential sacrifice or in situ techniques. Earlier work (Harris, 1996) showed that kinetics in the early stages of the incubation may not accurately simulate the processes occurring in vivo and this led to the use of a priming technique when the microbial innocula is acclimatized for 24 h to a priming food similar to the basal diet of the donor animal. This work investigates the effect of the length of priming on fermentation characteristics of two foods.Samples of barley grain and straw were ground through a 1-mm screen and a priming food of grass silage and concentrates prepared according to the method of Harris (1996). Gas production was determined from the barley grain and straw using bovine rumen liquor after exposing the microbial population to the priming food for 0 (unprimed), 6, 12, or 24 h. Gas volumes were recorded manually and the blank corrected volumes fitted to the equation of France et al. (1993).

Comparison of rumen liquor and faeces, in UK and Brazil, as sources of microorganisms for in vitro gas production for assessing twelve forages

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 147-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Mauricio ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
A.L Abdalla ◽  
I.C.S. Bueno ◽  
F. L. Mould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Tropical Climate ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Reading Study

In a previous study in Reading (altitude 66 m) (Mauricio et al., 1997) the lag phase was greater when cow faeces was used as a source of microorganisms in the in vitro gas production technique instead of rumen liquor when twelve temperate forages were fermented for 96 h. In the Reading study faeces and rumen liquor were obtained from a cow fed grass silage and concentrate (60:40). The present study was done in Piracicaba, Brazil-BR (altitude 780 m) which has a tropical climate. Using the same forages as in Mauricio et al. (1998), the study examined whether the same differences between faeces and rumen liquor would occur in a tropical environment. In addition, the opportunity was taken to develop an equation relating pressure and volume for the semi-automated pressure transducer technique and compare it with the equation developed in UK by Mauricio et al. (1998).

Effect of reducing the interval of recording from three to one hour on gas production profiles in the semi-automated technique using a pressure transducer

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 148-148
Author(s):  
R. M. Mauricio ◽  
F. L. Mould ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
M.S. Dhanoa ◽  
M.K. Theodorou
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Description ◽  
Pressure Transducer ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Automated Technique ◽  
Micro Organisms

Mauricio et al.(1997) reported that faeces as an inoculum in the gas production produced similar results to rumen liquor in terms of total gas production and OM digestibility but a greater initial lag phase was observed. Where a mathematical description is to be used to develop the gas production profiles an accurate description of the lag phase (the period prior to degradation during which multiplication and attachment of the micro-organisms occur) must be obtained. For this to be achieved when a large number of samples are to be examined, measurement of gas production has to be achieved rapidly; this is possible using a semi-automated technique (Mauricio et al., 1998). This study evaluated the effect of recording gas production using a manual (syringe) technique, with a standard 3 h interval, and at 1h and 3 h intervals using a semi-automated system.

scholarly journals Reducing in vitro rumen methanogenesis for two contrasting diets using a series of inclusion rates of different additives

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. O'Brien ◽  
A. Navarro-Villa ◽  
P. J. Purcell ◽  
T. M. Boland ◽  
P. O'Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Dose Dependent

Eleven individual additives were incubated with either perennial ryegrass or with grass silage+barley grain (50 : 50) and the in vitro methane output was assessed using the gas production technique (GPT). Additives were: fatty acids (lauric, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids), halogenated methane analogues (bromoethanesulfonate and bromochloromethane), pyromellitic diimide, statins (mevastatin and lovastatin), a probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and an unsaturated dicarboxylic acid (fumaric acid). Each additive was included at a range of concentrations. Effects on methane output per gram of feed dry matter (DM) incubated (CH4/DMi) and disappeared (CH4/DMd), as well as other fermentation variables, were evaluated after 24 h of incubation. The addition of increased concentrations of individual fatty acids, bromoethanesulfonate and pyromellitic diimide caused a dose-dependent decline in methane output (CH4/DMi, CH4/DMd), when incubated with either perennial ryegrass or grass silage+barley grain. No methane output was detected for either feed with the addition of ≥5 µM bromochloromethane. The statins were ineffective inhibitors of methane output regardless of feed type. For perennial ryegrass, S. cerevisiae caused a dose-dependent decline in CH4/DMd and fumaric acid a dose-dependent decline in CH4/DMi and CH4/DMd. The effectiveness of lauric, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids and bromoethanesulfonate to reduce methane output was more pronounced when incubated with grass silage+barley grain than with perennial ryegrass, and therefore the type of feed is an important component for any future in vitro and in vivo studies to be undertaken with these additives. Thus, incorporating different feed types in the initial in vitro screening protocols of all new additives is recommended.

PSIII-16 Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs Fed Barley Differing in Fermentable Starch and Fiber Profile

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 175-176
Author(s):  
Joaquin J Sanchez Zannatta ◽  
L F Wang ◽  
Eduardo Beltranena ◽  
Aaron D Beattie ◽  
Rex N Newkirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Steam Explosion ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Hulled Barley

Abstract Barley grain containing more fermentable starch or fiber might be an attractive energy source in weaned pig diets due to benefits on gut health. Barley rapidly-fermentable carbohydrates may serve as prebiotic and slowly-fermentable fiber may decrease diarrhea in weaned pigs. Steam-explosion processing may disrupt the fiber matrix of hulls, increasing slowly-fermentable fiber of barley. To explore, 220 pigs were fed 1 of 5 diets containing 60% cereal grain: 1) low-fermentable hulled barley (LFB); 2) LFB steam-exploded (LFB-E; 1.2 MPa, 120 s); 3) high β-glucan (10% DM) hull-less barley (HFB); 4) high amylose (17% DM) hull-less barley (HFA); or 5) low-fermentable wheat (LFW). Diets were fed starting 1-week post-weaning and formulated to provide 2.4 and 2.3 Mcal net energy (NE)/kg, 5.5 and 5.1 g standardized ileal digestible lysine/Mcal NE for phase 1 (day 1–14) and phase 2 (day 15–35), respectively. For the entire trial (day 1–35), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) of pigs did not differ among diets. Gain:feed (G:F) did not differ between LFB and LFW diets, but steam-explosion of hulled barley reduced (P < 0.05) G:F. Feces consistency did not differ between LFB and LFW diets, but was better (P < 0.05) for LFB than HFB, HFA and LFB-E diets. For phase 1, G:F of pigs was lower (P < 0.05) for LFB-E diet than LFW diet. For days 22–28, LFB-E diet had greater (P < 0.01) ADFI than HFA diet and tended (P = 0.09) to have a greater ADG than HFB diet. In conclusion, hulled or hull-less barley grain replaced wheat grain without affecting growth performance in weaned pigs. Hulled barley increased feces consistency. Steam-explosion of hulled barley did not increase growth performance of weaned pigs. Barley grain is an attractive energy source for weaned pigs for managing growth and feces consistency.

Synthesis and turnover of proteins and mRNA in germinating wheat embryos

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbyszko F. Grzelczak ◽  
Mark H. Sattolo ◽  
Linda K. Hanley-Bowdoin ◽  
Theresa D. Kennedy ◽  
Byron G. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Wheat Embryo ◽  
Phase Development ◽  
Wheat Embryos

The most prominent methionine-labeled protein made when cell-free systems are programmed with bulk mRNA from dry wheat embryos has been identified with what may be the most abundant protein in dry wheat embryos. The protein has been brought to purity and has a distinctive amino acid composition, Gly and Glx accounting for almost 40% of the total amino acids. Designated E because of its conspicuous association with early imbibition of dry wheat embryos, the protein and its mRNA are abundant during the "early" phase (0–1 h) of postimbibition development, and easily detected during "lag" phase (1–5 h), but they are almost totally degraded soon after entry into the "growth" phase of development, by about 10 h postimbibition.The most prominent methionine-labeled protein peculiar to the cell-free translational capacity of bulk mRNA from "growth" phase embryos is not detected as a product of in vivo synthesis. Its electrophoretic properties and its time course of emergence, after 5 h postimbibition development, suggest that this major product of cell-free synthesis may be an in vitro counterpart to a prominent methionine-labeled protein made only in vivo, by "growth" phase embryos. Designated G because of its conspicuous association with "growth" phase development, the cell-free product does not comigrate with any prominent dye-stained band in electrophoretic distributions of wheat proteins. The suspected cellular counterpart to G, also, does not comigrate with a prominent dye-stained wheat protein during electrophoresis, and although found in particulate as well as soluble fractions of wheat embryo homogenates it is not concentrated in either nuclei or mitochondria, as isolated.

scholarly journals Effects of particle size of processed barley grain, enzyme addition and microwave treatment on in vitro disappearance and gas production for feedlot cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin-ichi Tagawa ◽  
Lucia Holtshausen ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Wen Zhu Yang ◽  
Karen Ann Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Microwave Treatment ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feedlot Cattle

scholarly journals Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Mariane Moreno Ferro ◽  
Luciano da Silva Cabral ◽  
Livia Vieira de Barros ◽  
Claudio Vieira de Araujo ◽  
Nelcino Francisco de Paula
Keyword(s):  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Corn Distillers ◽  
Castor Meal

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, bean residue, wet brewer’s grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for castor meal and dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, soybean meal, bean residue, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal. Thus, our findings suggest that the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation were affected as a function of the amount of incubated sample.

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