Phylogenetic relationships of Palaeogene ziphodont eusuchians and the status ofPristichampsusGervais, 1853

2012 ◽  
Vol 103 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 521-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Status ◽  
Group A

ABSTRACTEusuchians with deep snouts and labiolingually compressed teeth are known from the Palaeogene of Laurasia. These are usually referred to Pristichampsinae, but the type species,Pristichampsus rollinati, is based on insufficiently diagnostic material and should be treated as a nomen dubium. At least two Lutetian species formerly referred toPristichampsuscan be recognised –Boverisuchus magnifronsin Germany and possibly elsewhere in Europe, andBoverisuchus vorax, new combination, in western North America. Material from the middle Eocene of Italy and Texas may represent distinct species. A phylogenetic analysis confirms their close relationship and also supports a relationship with two Asian forms – early EocenePlanocrania datangensisand PalaeocenePlanocrania hengdongensis. The name Planocraniidae Li 1976 is applied to this group. A distinctive quadrate with a prominent dorsal peak between medial and lateral hemicondyles is known only inBoverisuchus, and although the teeth ofPlanocraniaare flattened, they are not serrated. Planocraniids maintain a phylogenetic position as the sister group to Crocodyloidea+Alligatoroidea, but this part of the tree is unstable and discovery of older, more primitive planocraniids will help resolve conflicts on the phylogenetic relationships of extant crocodylian lineages.

The status of Hormathophylla baetica: a new combination and lectotypification in Hormathophylla cochleata

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 280 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESTEBAN SALMERÓN-SÁNCHEZ ◽  
JAVIER FUERTES AGUILAR ◽  
STANISLAV ŠPANIEL ◽  
ANTONIO JESÚS MENDOZA-FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
FABIÁN MARTÍNEZ-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Ongoing Study ◽  
New Combination ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

The taxonomic status of Hormathophylla baetica and its phylogenetic relationships to other Hormatophylla species are the subject of controversy. As part of an ongoing study on the genus Hormathophylla, we find that molecular, morphological and biogeographical evidence supports the placement of H. baetica as a subspecies of H. cochleata. We also discuss and designate a lectotype for H. cochleata.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships among extinct and extant turtles: the position of Pleurodira and the effects of the fossils on rooting crown-group turtles

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Sterli
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Rapid Radiation ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Origin And Evolution

The origin and evolution of the crown-group of turtles (Cryptodira + Pleurodira) is one of the most interesting topics in turtle evolution, second perhaps only to the phylogenetic position of turtles among amniotes. The present contribution focuses on the former problem, exploring the phylogenetic relationships of extant and extinct turtles based on the most comprehensive phylogenetic dataset of morphological and molecular data analyzed to date. Parsimony analyses were conducted for different partitions of data (molecular and morphological) and for the combined dataset. In the present analysis, separate analyses of the molecular data always retrieve Pleurodira allied to Trionychia. Separate analysis of the morphological dataset, by contrast, depicts a more traditional arrangement of taxa, with Pleurodira as the sister group of Cryptodira, being Chelonioidea the most basal cryptodiran clade. The simultaneous analysis of all available data retrieves all major extant clades as monophyletic, except for Cryptodira given that Pleurodira is retrieved as the sister group of Trionychia. The paraphyly of Cryptodira is an unorthodox result, and is mainly caused by the combination of two factors. First, the molecular signal allies Pleurodira and Trionychia. Second, the morphological data with extinct taxa locates the position of the root of crown-group Testudines in the branch leading to Chelonioidea. This study highlights major but poorly explored topics of turtle evolution: the alternate position of Pleurodira and the root of crown turtles. The diversification of crown turtles is characterized by the presence of long external branches and short internal branches (with low support for the internal nodes separating the major clades of crown turtles), suggesting a rapid radiation of this clade. This rapid radiation is also supported by the fossil record, because soon after the appearance of the oldest crown-group turtles (Middle-Late Jurassic of Asia) the number and diversity of turtles increases remarkably. This evolutionary scenario of a rapid diversification of modern turtles into the major modern lineages is likely the reason for the difficulty in determining the interrelationships and the position of the root of crown-group turtles.

Taxonomy, biogeography and phylogenetic position of the North African Ceramius maroccanus-complex (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Masarinae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-348
Author(s):  
Volker Mauss
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
North African ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
The North ◽  
As Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe Ceramius maroccanus-complex is endemic to southwestern Morocco. The status of C. maroccanus (Giordani Soika 1957) and C. montanus Gusenleitner 1990 as separate species is confirmed, C. rubripes Gusenleitner 1990 stat. n. and C. gessi sp. n. are recognized as species for the first time. The four species are redescribed/described and illustrated, and their distribution and flight period are analysed. Identification keys to males and females are provided. The C. maroccanus-complex is a monophyletic group within 'Species group 7' of Richards 1962, and is probably the sister group of the C. lusitanicus-complex.

Gregorella, a new genus to accommodate Moelleropsis humida and a molecular phylogeny of Arctomiaceae

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Thorsten LUMBSCH ◽  
Ruth del PRADO ◽  
Gintaras KANTVILAS
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Cyanobacterial Lichens

The phylogenetic position of the European crustose pioneer lichen Moelleropsis (Biatora) humida (Kullhem) Coppins & P. M. Jørg. is studied using partial sequences of the mitochondrial SSU and nuclear LSU rDNA of 64 ascomycetes, including sequences of all known species of Arctomiaceae. The analysis places M. humida in the Arctomiaceae with strong support as sister to the Tasmanian genus Wawea. The genus Arctomia is monophyletic and sister-group to the Wawea+Moelleropsis humida clade. The new genus Gregorella is described to accommodate Moelleropsis humida and the new combination Gregorella humida (Kullhem) Lumbsch is proposed. The ontogeny of the ascomata of Gregorella humida is similar to that of other Arctomiaceae, in that the generative tissue is formed on a thallus outgrowth. The Arctomiaceae did not cluster with the bulk of cyanobacterial lichens in the Lecanorales suborder Peltigerineae (or Peltigerales), but is part of Ostropomycetidae. The closest relative of Arctomiaceae could not be identified, since the relationships of major clades within Ostropomycetidae lacked support.

scholarly journals Lost, forgotten, and overlooked: systematic reassessment of two lesser-known toad species (Anura, Bufonidae) from Peninsular India and another wide-ranging northern species

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-470
Author(s):  
Karan Bisht ◽  
Sonali Garg ◽  
A. N. D. Akalabya Sarmah ◽  
Saibal Sengupta ◽  
S. D. Biju
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
The Status ◽  
New Material ◽  
First Time ◽  
Northern Species

We rediscovered two species of toads, Bufo stomaticus peninsularis and Bufo brevirostris, which were described from Peninsular India 84 and 101 years ago, respectively, but have not been reported since. Because the name-bearing types of both species are either damaged or lost, we provide detailed redescriptions, morphological comparisons, and insights into phylogenetic relationships with closely related members of the genus Duttaphrynus sensu lato, based on new material from the type locality of each species. We clarify and validate the identity of D. brevirostris, which was rediscovered from multiple localities in the Malenadu and adjoining coastal regions of Karnataka. We also demonstrate that Bufo stomaticus peninsularis, which was considered a synonym of Duttaphrynus scaber, is a distinct species. Bufo stomaticus peninsularis differs from Duttaphrynus scaber morphologically and genetically, and is more closely related to members of the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group. We also clarify the identity of the namesake species of the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group, which is reported widely in India and neighbouring countries, but lacks sufficient taxonomic information due to its brief original description and reportedly untraceable type material. We located and studied the complete syntype series of D. stomaticus, probably for the first time in over a century, and we report on the status of available specimens, provide detailed description of a potential type, compare it to related species, and clarify the species’ geographical range. Our molecular analyses suggest that D. stomaticus is minimally divergent from, and possibly conspecific with, D. olivaceus. Our analyses also clarify its relationship to the closely-related D. peninsulariscomb. nov., with which it was previously confused. Finally, our study provides other insights into the phylogenetic relationships and genetic differentiation among various species of Duttaphrynus toads.

scholarly journals Usnea nipparensis and U. sinensis form a ‘species pair ’ presuming morphological, chemical and molecular phylogenetic data

2020 ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
Yoshihito Ohmura
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Its Rdna ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Species Pair ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Data ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic Data

Phylogenetic relationships between Usnea nipparensis and U. sinensis, caperatic acid containing Usnea species, were examined based on ITS rDNA, and the phylogenetic position of U. nipparensis was inferred based on multi-locus gene analysis using ITS rDNA, nuLSU, and MCM7. Although U. nipparensis and U. sinensis have a sorediate and an esorediate shrubby thallus, respectively, and in general look quite different, other detailed morphological and chemical features are similar. Analysis of the ITS rDNA sequences suggests their close relationship, but also confirms the independence of both species, and that they most likely form a ‘species pair’ based on morphological, chemical and molecular phylogenetic data. Phylogenetic trees based on both multi-locus gene and ITS rDNA alone strongly support that U. nipparensis and U. angulata belong to the same clade.

Tachiramantis lassoalcalai (Barrio-Amorós, Rojas-Runjaic & Barros, 2010) (Anura, Craugastoridae): a new combination revealed by molecular evidence, with a description of its advertisement call

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4778 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-382
Author(s):  
FERNANDO J. M. ROJAS-RUNJAIC ◽  
LOURDES Y. ECHEVARRÍA ◽  
ADRIANA C. BECERRA-RONDÓN ◽  
EDWIN E. INFANTE-RIVERO
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Advertisement Call ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Eastern Slope ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

Pristimantis lassoalcalai Barrio-Amorós, Rojas-Runjaic & Barros, 2010 is a poorly known terrarana, endemic to the eastern slope of Sierra de Perijá in Venezuela. Although a close relationship of this species with Tachiramantis has been suspected based on its overall morphological similarity, this relationship had not been tested so far. On the basis of molecular data (two fragments of the 12S and 16S mtDNA genes) obtained from the type series, we reconstruct its evolutionary relationships and establish its phylogenetic position as a member of Tachiramantis. Based on this phylogenetic hypothesis, we transfer Pristimantis lassoalcalai to Tachiramantis as Tachiramantis lassoalcalai comb. nov. In addition, we describe its advertisement call. This is the fourth known species of the genus and the second to which its vocalization is described. 

The origin and early diversification of birds

Paleobiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Cracraft
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Pectoral Girdle ◽  
Avian Evolution ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Time Of Origin

Numerical cladistic analysis of 73 cranial and postcranial characters has resulted in a highly corroborated hypothesis describing the phylogenetic pattern of early avian evolution. Using “non-avian theropod” dinosaurs as a comparative outgroup and root for the tree, the analysis confirmed Archaeopteryx to be the sister-group of all remaining avian taxa, or Ornithurae. This latter taxon is subdivided into two lineages, the Hesperornithiformes and the Carinatae. The carinates, in turn, were also resolved into two sister-groups, the Ichthyornithiformes and the modern birds, or Neornithes. This paper provides morphological data corroborating the divergence of the two basal clades of the Neornithes: the Palaeognathae (tinamous and ratites) and Neognathae (all other modern birds). The phylogenetic relationships of four important Cretaceous taxa were also investigated, but these fossil taxa were too fragmentary to determine their phylogenetic position unambiguously. Alexornis and Ambiortus are both carinates, but their relationships cannot be resolved in greater detail. The relationships of the Enantiornithes may lie within the Carinatae or these two taxa may be sister-groups. Gobipteryx is a neornithine and possibly the sister-group of the Palaeognathae.This analysis indicates that major patterns of morphological change took place at the time of origin of the ancestors of the Ornithurae and the Carinatae. Ornithurine innovations included major changes throughout the skeleton, whereas those of the carinates, while substantial, were primarily restricted to the pectoral girdle and forelimb. The phylogenetic results, in conjunction with the known ages of fossil taxa, indicate that the early lineages of birds very likely arose in the Jurassic. The early cladistic events within the neornithine lineage are also more ancient than generally recognized, and may well extend back to the early Cretaceous.

scholarly journals Taxonomic notes on the identity of Rungia latior var. anamalayana (Acanthaceae) from Western Ghats, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
A Nazarudeen ◽  
G Rajkumar ◽  
Rohith Mathew Mohan ◽  
R Prakashkumar
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Typical Species ◽  
Specific Epithet ◽  
The Status ◽  
Specific Rank ◽  
Varietal Name

Rungia latior Nees var. anamalayana Chandrab. & V. Chandras., examined as part of the revisionary studies on the Acanthaceae of Western Ghats, have shown some taxonomic ambiguity. As the original authors rightly pointed out, the variety ‘does not fit within the circumscription of the typical species’. Based on our recent collections, we also felt that the varietal status is superfluous as the same has got some merits to be recognized as a distinct species. As such the status of the variety has been reassessed; elevated to the specific rank and a new combination has been set, conserving the varietal name as the specific epithet. Accordingly, the species is renamed as Rungia anamalayana (Chandrab. & V. Chandras.) A. Nazarudeen & G. Rajkumar comb. et stat. nov. The distinctive features and alliance of the species is discussed and a full account of the species is presented with illustrations.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships of heteroscleromorph demosponges and the affinity of the genus Myceliospongia (Demospongiae incertae sedis)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis V. Lavrov ◽  
Manuel Maldonado ◽  
Thierry Perez ◽  
Christine Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Middle Paleozoic ◽  
Clade 1

AbstractClass Demospongiae – the largest in the phylum Porifera (Sponges) – encompasses 7,581 accepted species across the three recognized subclasses: Keratosa, Verongimorpha, and Heteroscleromorpha. The latter subclass contains the majority of demosponge species and was previously subdivided into subclasses Heteroscleromorpha sensu stricto and Haploscleromorpha. The current classification of demosponges is the result of nearly three decades of molecular studies that culminated in a formal proposal of a revised taxonomy (Morrow and Cardenas, 2015). However, because most of the molecular work utilized partial sequences of nuclear rRNA genes, this classification scheme needs to be tested by additional molecular markers. Here we used sequences and gene order data from complete or nearly complete mitochondrial genomes of 117 demosponges (including 60 new sequences determined for this study and 6 assembled from public sources) and three additional partial mt-genomes to test the phylogenetic relationships within demosponges in general and Heteroscleromorpha sensu stricto in particular. We also investigated the phylogenetic position of Myceliospongia araneosa – a highly unusual demosponge without spicules and spongin fibers, currently classified as Demospongiae incertae sedis.Our results support the sub-class relationship within demosponges and reveal four main clades in Heteroscleromorpha sensu stricto: Clade 1 composed of Spongillida, Sphaerocladina, and Scopalinida; Clade 2 composed of Axinellida, Biemnida, Bubarida; Clade 3 composed of Tetractinellida and “Rhizomorina” lithistids; and Clade 4 composed of Agelasida, Polymastida, Clionaida, Suberitida, Poecilosclerida, and Tethyida. The four clades appear to be natural lineages that unite previously defined taxonomic orders. Therefore, if those clades are to be systematically interpreted, they will have the rank of superorders (hence S1-S4). We inferred the following relationships among the newly defined clades: (S1(S2(S3+S4))). Analysis of molecular data from Myceliospongia araneosa – first from this species/genus – placed it in S3 as a sister group to Microscleroderma sp. and Leiodermatium sp. (“Rhizomorina”).Molecular clock analysis indicated that the origin of the Heteroscleromorpha sensu stricto as well as the basal split in this group between S1 and the rest of the superorder go back to Cambrian, while the divergences among the three other superorders occurred in Ordovician (with the 95% standard variation from Late Cambrian to Early Silurian). Furthermore most of the proposed orders within Heteroscleromorpha appear to have middle Paleozoic origin, while crown groups within order date mostly to Paleozoic to Mesozoic transition. We propose that these molecular clock estimates can be used to readjust ranks for some of the higher taxa within Heteroscleromorpha.In addition to phylogenetic information, we found several unusual mtgenomic features among the sampled species, broadening our understanding of mitochondrial genome evolution in this group and animals in general. In particular, we found mitochondrial introns within cox2 (first in animals) and rnl (first in sponges).

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