Androgenic and estrogenic indices in human newborns and infants: the MIREC-ID study

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
T-V. Nguyen ◽  
P. Monnier ◽  
G. Muckle ◽  
S. Sathyanarayana ◽  
E. Ouellet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Vaginal Wall ◽  
Estrogen Exposure ◽  
Androgen Exposure ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Hormonal Exposure ◽  
Maturation Index

AbstractPrenatal sex steroid exposure plays an important role in determining child development. Yet, measurement of prenatal hormonal exposure has been limited by the paucity of newborn/infant data and the invasiveness of fetal hormonal sampling. Here we provide descriptive data from the MIREC-ID study (n=173 girls; 162 boys) on a range of minimally invasive physical indices thought to reflect prenatal exposure to androgens [anogenital distances (AGDs); penile length/width, scrotal/vulvar pigmentation], to estrogens [vaginal maturation index (VMI) – the degree of maturation of vaginal wall cells] or to both androgens/estrogens [2nd-to-4th digit ratio (2D:4D); areolar pigmentation, triceps/sub-scapular skinfold thickness, arm circumference]. VMI was found to be associated with triceps skinfold thickness (β=0.265, P=0.005), suggesting that this marker may be sensitive to estrogen levels produced by adipose tissue in girls. Both estrogenic and androgenic markers (VMI: β=0.338, P=0.031; 2D:4D – right: β=−0.207, P=0.040; left: β=−0.276, P=0.006; AGD-fourchette − β=0.253, P=0.036) were associated with areolar pigmentation in girls, supporting a role for the latter as an index of both androgen and estrogen exposure. We also found AGD-penis (distance from the anus to the penis) to be associated with scrotal pigmentation (β=0.290, P=0.048), as well as right arm circumference (β=0.462, P<0.0001), supporting the notion that these indices may be used together as markers of androgen exposure in boys. In sum, these findings support the use of several physical indices at birth to convey a more comprehensive picture of prenatal exposure to sex hormones.

scholarly journals Psychosexual Aspects, Effects of Prenatal Androgen Exposure, and Gender Change in 46,XY Disorders of Sex Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1160-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Loch Batista ◽  
Marlene Inácio ◽  
Ivo Jorge Prado Arnhold ◽  
Nathália Lisboa Gomes ◽  
José Antônio Diniz Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Disorders Of Sex Development ◽  
Psychosexual Development ◽  
Estrogen Exposure ◽  
Androgen Exposure ◽  
Tertiary Center ◽  
Prenatal Androgen Exposure ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Prenatal Androgen ◽  
Gender Change

AbstractContextIn 46,XY disorders of sexual development (DSD) patients, several factors may affect psychosexual development, leading to gender identity discrepancy and gender change later in life. Prenatal sexual steroid exposure and external genital virilization are considered to influence human psychosexual development, but their roles not completely understood yet.DesignA total of 144 individuals (18 to 60 years of age) with a clinical/molecular diagnosis of 46,XY DSD from a single tertiary center were enrolled. Psychosexual outcomes (gender role, gender identity, and sexual orientation) were assessed using questionnaires and psychological test. The Sinnecker score was used for genital virilization measurement. Prenatal androgen exposure was estimated according to 46,XY DSD etiology.ResultsWe found a positive association between prenatal androgen exposure and male psychosexual outcomes. Alternatively, prenatal estrogen exposure, age of gonadectomy, and the degree of external genital virilization did not influence any psychosexual outcome. There were 19% (n = 27) with gender change, which was associated with prenatal androgen exposure (P < 0.001) but not with the external genital virilization. The median age of gender change was 15 years, but most of the patients reported the desire for gender change earlier.ConclusionsPrenatal androgen exposure influenced psychosexual development in 46,XY DSD favoring male psychosexuality in all psychosexual outcomes, whereas the degree of external genital virilization did not influence these outcomes. The organizational effect of sexual steroids on psychosexuality at puberty appears to be weak in comparison with the prenatal effects. Prenatal androgen exposure also influenced female-to-male gender change frequency. All 46,XY DSD conditions with prenatal androgen exposure must be followed for gender issues in their management.

scholarly journals The use of mid upper arm circumference and skinfold thickness to assess underweight and obesity among cardiac patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Ranil Jayawardena ◽  
Pavani Punchihewa ◽  
Sathya Chinthanie ◽  
Niroshan Lokunarangoda ◽  
Anidu Keerthi Pathirana
Keyword(s):  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Cardiac Patients ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Mid Upper Arm Circumference

scholarly journals The contribution made by school milk to the nutrition of primary schoolchildren

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Cook ◽  
D. G. Altman ◽  
Ann Jacoby ◽  
W. W. Holland ◽  
A. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
School Day ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Diet Record

1. The contribution of school milk to the nutrition of 396 Kent primary schoolchildren aged 8–11 years was assessed using information collected in a survey which included a weighed-diet record, a socio-economic questionnaire and a medical examination.2. Over half the children (59% for boys, 54% for girls) drank school milk every school day of the diet-record week.3. Children who drank school milk every school day, when compared with those not drinking it, had a significantly higher mean daily intake of liquid milk, a higher total daily intake of several important nutrients including animal protein, calcium, thiamin and riboflavin, and a diet richer in Ca and riboflavin (boys) and animal protein and Ca (girls). They were also less likely to have intakes of Ca and riboflavin below the recommended daily intakes for these nutrients (Department of Health and Social Security, 1969).4. The increased nutritional intake associated with school milk consumption was not related to any differences in height, weight, arm circumference or skinfold thickness.5. There was no evidence that school milk consumption was associated with obesity (as assessed clinically).

scholarly journals Is total lymphocyte count related to nutritional markers in hospitalized older adults?

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vânia Aparecida LEANDRO-MERHI ◽  
Vitória Negri BRÁZ ◽  
José Luis Braga de AQUINO
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Total Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Total Lymphocyte ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Hospitalized Older Adults ◽  
Mid Upper Arm Circumference ◽  
Triceps Skinfold Thickness

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Older patients are commonly malnourished during hospital stay, and a high prevalence of malnutrition is found in hospitalized patients aged more than 65 years. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether total lymphocyte count is related to other nutritional markers in hospitalized older adults. METHODS Hospitalized older adults (N=131) were recruited for a cross-sectional study. Their nutritional status was assessed by the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS), anthropometry, and total lymphocyte count. The statistical analyses included the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. Spearman's linear correlation coefficient determined whether total lymphocyte count was correlated with the nutritional markers. Multiple linear regression determined the parameters associated with lymphocyte count. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS According to the NRS, 41.2% of the patients were at nutritional risk, and 36% had mild or moderate depletion according to total lymphocyte count. Total lymphocyte count was weakly correlated with mid-upper arm circumference (r=0.20507); triceps skinfold thickness (r=0.29036), and length of hospital stay (r= -0.21518). Total lymphocyte count in different NRS categories differed significantly: older adults who were not at nutritional risk had higher mean and median total lymphocyte count ( P =0.0245). Multiple regression analysis showed that higher lymphocyte counts were associated with higher triceps skinfold thicknesses and no nutritional risk according to the NRS. CONCLUSION Total lymphocyte count was correlated with mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and nutritional risk according to the NRS. In multiple regression the combined factors that remained associated with lymphocyte count were NRS and triceps skinfold thickness. Therefore, total lymphocyte count may be considered a nutritional marker. Other studies should confirm these findings.

ARE SKINFOLD MEASUREMENTS OF VALUE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF SUBOPTIMAL NUTRITION IN YOUNG CHILDREN?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 965-972
Author(s):  
Marie Paulowna Keet ◽  
John Derek Lindsell Hansen ◽  
Arthur Stewart Truswell
Keyword(s):  
Objective Measure ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Protein Calorie Malnutrition ◽  
Early Protein ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Skinfold Measurements ◽  
Mid Upper Arm Circumference ◽  
Height For Age

Weight, height, head circumference, triceps and subcapsular skinfolds, mid upper arm circumference, and mid upper arm muscle circumference values were obtained from well children, children suffering from dehydrating gastroenteritis, and children suffering from severe protein calorie malnutrition to determine if these measurements could be used to assess nutritional status. The results indicate that, in Cape Town, there is a significant correlation between skinfold thickness for age, and weight and height for age, and that skin-fold measurements can be used as an additional, reliable, objective measure of suboptimal nutrition and early protein calorie malnutrition in group surveys, particularly where the exact ages of children are not known.

Anthropometric definitions for antiretroviral-associated lipodystrophy derived from a longitudinal South African cohort with serial dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1194-1203
Author(s):  
Zulfa Abrahams ◽  
Gary Maartens ◽  
Naomi Levitt ◽  
Joel Dave
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Patient Reported

The development of lipodystrophy is associated with the long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We assessed agreement between patient-reported lipodystrophy and body composition measures using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and developed objective measures to define lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy in black South Africans. One hundred and eighty-seven ART-naïve HIV-infected adults were enrolled in a 24-month longitudinal study. Self-reported information on regional fat loss and fat gain, anthropometry, and DXA measures were collected at baseline, three, six, 12, 18, and 24 months after starting ART. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to describe the performance of anthropometric variables using change in limb and trunk fat measured by DXA, as the reference standard. The proportion of men and women who developed lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy increased over the 24-month period, with lipoatrophy occurring more frequently in men (21% versus 10%). In women, lipoatrophy was best determined by thigh skinfold thickness (80.3% correctly classified) and mid-arm circumference (77.6% correctly classified). None of the anthropometric measures performed well for defining lipoatrophy in men. Anthropometric measures performed well for defining lipoatrophy in women, but not lipohypertrophy.

scholarly journals Zinc, copper and iron concentrations in the plasma and diets of lactating Nigerian women

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl M. F. Mbofung ◽  
Tola Atinmo
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Nigerian Women ◽  
Iron Protein ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Arm Circumference

1. Zinc, copper, iron, protein and energy intakes of 232 lactating women (consuming self-selected diets during the first 3 months post-partum) were computed from food intake values obtained using a 3 d dietary-recall method. Non-pregnant, non-lactating women (100) served as controls. Blood samples of subjects were also analysed for packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentrations as well as for plasma Zn, Cu and Fe levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.2. Except for Fe, intakes of all nutrients measured were significantly lower than recommended dietary allowances for lactation. Daily mean (and SD) Zn, Cu, Fe (mg), protein (g) and energy (MJ) intakes for lactating women were 8.2 (1.6), 1.6 (0.5),29.0 (5.8), 52.4 (9.2) and 10.21 respectively. There was a significant intercorrelation between the different nutrients in the diet.3. Mean (and SD) plasma Zn, Cu and Fe concentrations (μg/l) during the first 3 months of lactation were 666.0 (76.0), 1290.0 (150.0) and 730.0 (185) respectively. These values were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the case of Zn and Fe and higher in the case of Cu than those of non-pregnant, non-lactating women. Maternal plasma levels of the trace elements also vaned significantly with nutritional status as indexed by haemoglobin status.4. Correlation analysis between dietary and plasma trace element concentrations was significant for Zn (r 0.26, P < 0.00Ol) and Fe (r 0.17, P <0.05). Dietary protein intake was significantly correlated with plasma Zn (r 0.18, P < 0.005) and Fe (r 0.12, P < 0.05).5. While maternal weight, arm circumference and skinfold thickness measurements tended to decrease with increase in the period of lactation, growth performance of entirely breast-fed babies was satisfactory as at the 12th week post-partum.

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