scholarly journals The contribution made by school milk to the nutrition of primary schoolchildren

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Cook ◽  
D. G. Altman ◽  
Ann Jacoby ◽  
W. W. Holland ◽  
A. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
School Day ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Diet Record

1. The contribution of school milk to the nutrition of 396 Kent primary schoolchildren aged 8–11 years was assessed using information collected in a survey which included a weighed-diet record, a socio-economic questionnaire and a medical examination.2. Over half the children (59% for boys, 54% for girls) drank school milk every school day of the diet-record week.3. Children who drank school milk every school day, when compared with those not drinking it, had a significantly higher mean daily intake of liquid milk, a higher total daily intake of several important nutrients including animal protein, calcium, thiamin and riboflavin, and a diet richer in Ca and riboflavin (boys) and animal protein and Ca (girls). They were also less likely to have intakes of Ca and riboflavin below the recommended daily intakes for these nutrients (Department of Health and Social Security, 1969).4. The increased nutritional intake associated with school milk consumption was not related to any differences in height, weight, arm circumference or skinfold thickness.5. There was no evidence that school milk consumption was associated with obesity (as assessed clinically).

Meat and Meat Products Consumption in Italy: Contribution to Trace Elements, Heme Iron and selected B Vitamins supply

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lombardi-Boccia ◽  
Lanzi ◽  
Lucarini ◽  
Di Lullo
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Consumption Frequency ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Iron Heme ◽  
Daily Intakes

This study was undertaken to estimate the contribution of meat and meat products consumption to the daily intakes of trace elements (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se), heme iron, and selected B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin) in Italy. Meat and meat products were selected on the basis of their consumption frequency reported by the most recent nationwide dietary individual survey carried out in Italy (INN-CA study). The daily intakes of total iron and heme iron were 1.65 and 1.13 mg/person/day. Zinc intake was 3.65 mg/person/day. Beef made the main contribution to iron, heme iron, and zinc daily intakes. Copper daily intake was 107.3 mug/person/day, with meat products provided the highest contribution (40 mug/person/day). Daily intake of selenium (7.14 mug/person/day) was provided mainly by poultry consumption. Thiamine intake was 228 mug/person/day, and meat products were the main source (110 mug/person/day). Riboflavin intake was 136 mug/person/day, with both beef and meat products as the main contributors (40 mug/person/day). Niacin intake was 7.53 mg/person/day, and poultry was the main source (2.28 mg/person/day). Meat and meat products were a valuable source of micronutrients, supplying 47, 48, and 24% of zinc, niacin, and thiamin daily requirements, respectively, and over 10% of iron, copper, selenium, and riboflavin daily average requirement values of the italian RDAs calculated for the population involved in the survey (INN-CA study).

scholarly journals An analysis of heavy metals contamination and estimating the daily intakes of vegetables from Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732098525
Author(s):  
Keneth Iceland Kasozi ◽  
Eric Oloya Otim ◽  
Herbert Izo Ninsiima ◽  
Gerald Zirintunda ◽  
Andrew Tamale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Daily Intakes

Background: Environmental contamination with elevated levels of copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr6+), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)—all states of which are found in Uganda—raises health risk to the public. Pb, Cr6+, Cd, and Ni for instance are generally considered nonessential to cellular functions, notwithstanding the importance of the oxidative state of the metals in bioavailability. As such, we aimed in this study (i) to evaluate heavy metal concentrations in four vegetables from a typical open-air market in Uganda, (ii) to assess the safety of consuming these vegetables against the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits of heavy metals consumption, and (iii) to formulate a model of estimated daily intake (EDI) among consumers in the country. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in five georeferenced markets of Bushenyi district in January 2020. Amaranthus, cabbages, scarlet eggplants, and tomatoes were collected from open markets, processed, and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Modeled EDI, principal component (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were conducted to identify relationships in the samples. Results: The levels of essential elements in the four vegetables were found to fall from Co > Cu > Fe > Zn. Those of non-essential metals were significantly higher and followed the pattern Cd > Cr > Pb > Ni. The highest EDI values were those of Cu in scarlet eggplants, Zn in amaranthus, Fe in amaranthus, Co in amaranthus, Pb in cabbages, total Cr in scarlet eggplant, Cd in cabbages and tomatoes, and Ni in cabbages. In comparison to international limits, EDIs for Zn, Cu, Co and Fe were low while Ni in cabbages were high. PCA showed high variations in scarlet eggplant and amaranthus. The study vegetables were found to be related with each other, not according to the location of the markets from where they were obtained, but according to their species by CA. Conclusion: The presence of non-essential elements above WHO limits raises policy challenges for the consumption and marketing of vegetables in the study area. Furthermore, low EDIs of essential elements in the vegetables create demand for nutritious foods to promote healthy communities.

The influence of intake of dietary energy in pregnancy and lactation upon sow productivity

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
R. M. MacPherson ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARYFifty-two Large White gilts, arranged in thirteen groups of four litter sisters, were allocated at mating to one of four treatment groups. These treatments, arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial, allowed daily energy intakes in pregnancy of 8·3 Meal (H(e)) or 5·2 Meal (L(e)) and of average daily intake during lactation of 20 Meal (h(e)) or 13·8 Meal (m(e)). Daily intakes of protein, minerals and vitamins were similar for all treatments. There were no consistent differences in health or breeding regularity between the treatments.The H(e) sows had a net gain in pregnancy 22 kg greater than the L(e) sows. Feeding the higher level in lactation (h(e) resulted in a reduced sow weight loss during lactation of 20, 12 and 10 kg in the first, second and third parities respectively, as compared with the m(e) sows. There were no consistent effects on the numbers of pigs born apart from the first litter in which L(e) sows produced significantly larger litters at birth. The higher energy intakes in pregnancy and lactation led to very similar increases in the weights of the piglets, of the order of 0.1 kg at birth, 0.4 kg at 3 weeks of age, and 1.1 kg at 8 weeks of age. Sowsgiven the same overall energy intake throughout their reproductive life (H(e) m(e), L(e) h(e)) at the end of the third litter had similar live weights and had produced a similar total weight of weaned pigs. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

Management of Sludge Use on Land

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHARLES F. JELINEK ◽  
GEORGE L. BRAUDE
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Federal Water Pollution Control ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Special Concern ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Persistent Pesticides

Passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1972 has caused a huge increase in the amount of sewage sludge for disposal. The Food and Drug Administration has worked with the Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies to recommend proper management of the application of sludges to food and feed crops to ensure the safety and wholesomeness of the food supply. FDA's concerns about contamination of food by pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals, persistent pesticides and industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are described. The reasons for special concern about direct application of sludge onto growing food and feed crops are discussed. The estimated daily intake of lead and cadmium, as compared to the proposed tolerable daily intakes, is presented, together with FDA's program to develop sufficient data on the natural background levels of these metals in raw agricultural products. Limitations recommended to prevent hazardous cadmium, lead, PCB and pathogen contaminations of food and feeds by sludge are presented.

scholarly journals Considerations for determining ‘optimal nutrition’ for copper, zinc, manganese and molybdenum

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Failla
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Functional Markers ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Zn Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cu And Zn

Defining optimal dietary intakes of Cu and Zn throughout the life cycle continues to present a considerable challenge for nutrition scientists. Although the daily intake of these micronutrients is below that currently recommended for many groups, traditional biochemical indicators of nutritional status for these trace metals largely remain within the normal range. Thus, it is unclear whether the recommended daily intakes may be unnecessarily high, or if the commonly-used markers simply lack the necessary sensitivity and specificity that are required for accurately assessing Cu and Zn status. The increasing number of reports that daily supplements with these trace metals enhance the activities of selective metalloenzymes and specific cellular and organ processes further points out the need to differentiate between meeting the requirement and providing optimal nutriture. Results from recent studies suggesting that alternative molecular and functional markers possess sufficient sensitivity to better assess Cu and Zn status are discussed. Likewise, recent studies evaluating the impact of very low and excessive levels of dietary Mn and Mo on selective biochemical and metabolic indicators are reviewed.

Determination of mean daily intakes of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins in 24-hour diets of children in the Netherlands

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bakker ◽  
E. Sizoo ◽  
A. Jekel ◽  
D.P. Pereboom-de Fauw ◽  
R. Schothorst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Diet Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Aflatoxin B

In 2006, a duplicate diet study of children's food was carried out in the Netherlands. Parents or guardians of 123 children collected duplicates of the 24-hour diets. Levels of aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes and fumonisins were determined. Aflatoxin M1 was detectable in 10% of the samples, with all toxin levels below the limit of quantification. Aflatoxin B1 could be detected in 80% of the samples, while in 47% of all samples aflatoxin B1 was quantifiable. Ochratoxin A could be quantified in all samples. Deoxynivalenol was quantified in almost every sample, while T-2 and HT-2 toxins could only be quantified in 3.2% and 6.4% of the samples respectively. 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol was detected in 1.6% of the samples. Fumonisin B1 was detected in 28% of the samples and fumonisin B2 in a quarter of merely those samples where fumonisin B1 was detected. In 20% of the samples fumonisin B1 could be quantified and in a quarter of those samples fumonisin B2 could be quantified too. The analytical results were used to estimate levels of daily intake. Only the mean daily intake levels for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B1 and B2 could reliably be estimated. The values were 0.1, 4.1, 291 and 28 ng/kg bw/day respectively, all are well below the corresponding tolerable daily intakes. For aflatoxin B1 a tolerable intake does not exist, but the intake value for this mycotoxin was very low if compared to the value that would result from the intake of food, if it was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 at the EU regulatory limit, specified for baby food. The mean daily intakes of the mycotoxins determined in children's food in the Netherlands are low and implicate that there is no health risk for children due to exposure from the studied mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Dietary Intake and Residues of Organochlorine Pesticides in Foods from Hsinchu, Taiwan

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruey-An Doong ◽  
Chen-Yu Lee ◽  
Yuh-Chang Sun
Keyword(s):  
Organochlorine Pesticides ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticide ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Hch Isomers ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Daily Intakes

Abstract The levels of contamination with various organochlorine pesticides (such as total HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, and total DDT) of different foods from 3 traditional markets were determined to estimate Taiwanese daily intake of organochlorine pesticides. Of the 18 organochlorine pesticides investigated, α-HCH, β-HCH, lindane, δ-HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, endrin, α-endosulfan, p,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDT were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 10.2 ng/g wet weight. Contamination with organochlorine pesticides followed the order heptachlor > dieldrin > α-endosulfan > HCH isomers > heptachlor epoxide > DDT. Frequencies of detection of organochlorine pesticide residues ranged from 2.0 to 52.3%. α-Endosulfan was the most frequently detected organochlorine pesticide in the foods analyzed, followed by heptachlor epoxide (47.6%) and α-HCH (38.9%). Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of organochlorine pesticides from foods were 1.137 μg for total HCH, 2.147 μg for heptachlor, 0.702 μg for heptachlor epoxide, 0.624 μg for endosulfan, 0.098 μg for cyclodiene, and 0.541 μg for total DDT. These EDIs were only 0.075% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for lindane, 47.5% of ADI for heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, 0.045% of ADI for total DDT, and 1.01% of ADI for aldrin and dieldrin. Therefore, consumption of the foods analyzed does not pose a risk to consumer health.

Pesticides, Selected Elements, and Other Chemicals in Adult Total Diet Samples, October 1978-September 1979

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 862-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia J Gartrell ◽  
John C Craun ◽  
David S Podrebarac ◽  
Ellis L Gunderson
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Calculated Average

Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for adult Total Diet samples collected in 20 cities between October 1978 and September 1979. The average concentration, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the diets of infants and toddlers are reported separately.

Pesticides, Selected Elements, and Other Chemicals in Infant and Toddler Total Diet Samples, October 1979-September 1980

1985 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1184-1197
Author(s):  
Marcia J Gartrell ◽  
John C Craun ◽  
David S Podrebarac ◽  
Ellis L Gunderson
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Adult Diet ◽  
Calculated Average

Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for infant and toddler Total Diet samples collected in 10 cities between October 1979 and September 1980. The average concentration, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and generally are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the adult diet are reported separately.

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