The Contribution of Moral Disengagement to Dating Violence and General Aggression: The Gender and Age Moderating Effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Rubio-Garay ◽  
Pedro J. Amor ◽  
Miguel A. Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Dating Violence ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Moral Disengagement ◽  
Verbal Aggression ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size

Abstract The main aims of this study were, first to analyze the partial effects of specific mechanisms of moral disengagement (MMD) on different manifestations of general aggression and dating violence (DV) in adolescents and youths; second, to explore the moderating effects of gender and age on these relations. Moral disengagement, and different forms of aggression and DV, were evaluated in a sample of 424 participants (61.1% women) aged 15 to 25 years (M = 18.80; SD = 2.69). Pearson correlations and different hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. All regressions were controlled by social desirability . MMD contributed to physical aggression with a medium effect size (R2 = .22) and verbal aggression with a small effect size (R2 = .10). Conversely, MMD did not appear to clearly contribute to DV. In conclusion, depersonalization and rationalization were the most important MMD for physical aggression, rationalization for verbal aggression, and irresponsibility for verbal-emotional violence in dating relationships. Moreover, the relationships between physical aggression and rationalization mechanism were significantly moderated by gender: there appears to be a stronger relationship between rationalization and physical aggression in boys than in girls. Moderating effects of age on these relations were not found.

scholarly journals Bilateral Symmetry of Jumping and Agility in Professional Basketball Players: Differentiating Performance Levels and Playing Positions

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1316
Author(s):  
Sime Versic ◽  
Miran Pehar ◽  
Toni Modric ◽  
Vladimir Pavlinovic ◽  
Miodrag Spasic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
F Test ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Performance Levels ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
And Performance

Although functional asymmetry is very common and normal in professional athletes, the better interlimb symmetry between dominant and nondominant sides (bilateral symmetry) could contribute to successful performance in basketball. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of bilateral symmetry of the one-leg jumping and agility performances in differentiating basketball players according to their (i) playing position (guards, forwards, and centers) and (ii) performance levels (first division vs. second division). The participants were 102 professional male basketball players, with all members of the teams competing in the two highest national divisions at the moment of testing (height: 194.92 ± 8.09 cm; body mass: 89.33 ± 10.91 kg; 21.58 ± 3.92 years of age). Performance levels (first division, N = 58 vs. second division, N = 44) and playing positions (guards, N = 48; forwards, N = 22; centers, N = 32) were observed as dependent variables. We measured one-leg jumping capacities (running vertical jump and lay-up vertical jump), basketball-specific preplanned agility (CODS), and basketball-specific reactive agility (RAG), all executed on dominant and nondominant sides. Accordingly, the bilateral symmetry of jumping and agility was calculated by calculating the ratio of the corresponding performances on the dominant and nondominant sides. Factorial analysis of variance (performance levels × positions) indicated that the bilateral symmetry of one-leg jumping differentiated players according to their playing position, with better bilateral symmetry among guards (F-test = 6.11 (medium effect size) and 5.81 (small effect size), p < 0.05 for lay-up and running-jump symmetry, respectively). Performance levels significantly differed in the bilateral symmetry of lay-up jump, with better symmetry for first-division players (F-test = 10.11 (medium effect size), p < 0.001), which was mostly influenced by significant differences among guards. Playing positions and performance levels did not differ in bilateral symmetry of the CODS and RAG. The study reveals the importance of bilateral symmetry of the sport-specific performance in differentiating playing positions and performance levels in basketball. Further studies in other multidirectional sports and other sport-specific performances are warranted.

Metabolic, ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to FES-cycling: A comparison to NMES and passive cycling

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Murillo Frazão ◽  
Luis Augusto Werlang ◽  
Cássio Azevedo ◽  
Adelar Kunz ◽  
Maikel Peltz
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size

BACKGROUND: Cyclergometry with functional electrical stimulation (FES-cycling) is a feasible method for rehabilitation. The concept is to promote exercise induced by depolarization of the motoneuron and muscular contraction. OBJECTIVE: To measure acute physiological responses to FES-cycling. METHODS: Retrospective study of data from ten healthy volunteers who performed FES-cycling, passive cycling and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) alone. Metabolic, ventilatory and cardiovascular parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Oxygen uptake enhanced 97 ± 15% during FES-cycling, with medium effect size compared to NMES and large effect size compared to passive cycling. Energy expenditure enhanced 102 ± 15% during FES-cycling, with medium effect size compared to NMES and large effect size compared to passive cycling. Minute ventilation enhanced 115 ± 26% during FES-cycling, with small effect size compared to NMES and medium effect size compared to passive cycling. Cardiac output enhanced 21 ± 4% during FES-cycling, with medium effect size compared to NMES and passive cycling. Arterial – mixed venous oxygen content difference enhanced 60 ± 8% during FES-cycling, with a medium effect size compared to NMES and large effect size compared to passive cycling. CONCLUSIONS: FES-cycling enhances metabolic, ventilatory and cardiovascular demands and the physiological responses are higher than NMES and passive cycling.

A Meta-Analysis of Facebook-Assisted Learning Outcomes and Their Gender Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
*Zhonggen Yu ◽  
Liheng Yu
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
Media Applications

Social media applications such as Facebook have received wide attention in their use in education. However, it is still hard to arrive at a conclusion regarding whether a Facebook-assisted approach is effective in education and whether there are any significant gender differences in the learning outcomes. Based on rigid inclusion criteria, this study included 21 peer-reviewed high-quality journal articles. Through a meta-analysis using Reviewer Manager 5.3, the authors concluded that a Facebook-assisted approach could obtain significantly higher learning outcomes than the non-Facebook-assisted one with a medium effect size (d = 0.42) and that females could achieve significantly better learning outcomes than males with a very small effect size (d = -0.21) in the Facebook-assisted education. Future research could examine the effect of educational use of other social media applications, as well as in sociological, psychological, or educational dimensions.

scholarly journals Developmental Course of Personality Disorder Traits in Childhood and Adolescence

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement B) ◽  
pp. 25-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elissa J. Hamlat ◽  
Jami F. Young ◽  
Benjamin L. Hankin
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Study Participants

Developmental patterns of personality pathology traits are not well delineated from childhood through late adolescence. In the present study, participants (N = 675, 56% female) were recruited to create three cohorts of third (n = 205), sixth (n = 248), and ninth (n = 222) graders to form an accelerated longitudinal cohort design. We assessed six PD (avoidant, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, schizotypal) traits based on DSM-IV trait diagnostic conceptualizations via parent report at baseline, 18 months, and 36 months. According to parent report, mean levels of avoidant, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and schizotypal traits all declined for both boys and girls. The changes in dependent and histrionic traits were of medium effect size, and the changes in avoidant, narcissistic, borderline, and schizotypal traits were of small effect size. Over the 3 years of the study, the traits of each PD also demonstrated moderate to high rank-order stability.

A Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Exposure-Based Treatment in Anxiety Disorders: Implications for Disgust

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Simona A. PASCAL ◽  
Ioana R. PODINA ◽  
Cătălin NEDELCEA
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
Exposure Sessions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Meta Analyses

Despite of several meta-analyses indicating that exposure-based treatments (EBT) are successful in addressing anxiety and fear symptoms, less is known whether this is also the case for disgust, which also accompanies anxiety disorders. Therefore, the aim of the current meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy of EBT on disgust and anxiety (emotional distress), against control condition. This meta-analysis included a total of eight studies. Overall, there was a medium effect size (g = .57, 95% CI: .26 to .88, p < .001) for emotional distress; a medium effect size for anxiety (g = .79, 95% CI: .24 to 1.34, p = .005), yet a small effect size for disgust (g = .36, 95% CI: .05 to .68, p = .024). These findings prompt that current EBT are not tailored to address disgust symptoms accompanying many forms of anxiety disorders, although literature points more and more to a need in this respect. We also examined potential moderator variables (the year of publication, the number of exposure sessions, age of the sample, and gender composition). Additionally, we discussed several strengths and limitations, one of the most important being the small number of studies regarding the subject and their heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Studi Meta-Analisis: Hubungan Antara Beban Kerja dengan Stres Kerja

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-193
Author(s):  
Ikhbal Hidayat Lubis
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size

Stres kerja stres kerja adalah perasaan ataupun kondisi emosional karyawan juga kondisi psikis yang sedang dialami oleh karyawan ketika merasa lelah, jenuh, bosan dan capek. Telah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti terdahulu tentang stres kerja karyawan dan salah satunya adalah beban kerja karyawan yang memiliki keterkaitan pada tinggi dan rendahnya stres kerja seseorang karyawan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik studi meta-analisis dan bertujuan untuk meneliti hubungan antara beban kerja dan stres kerja karyawan. Penelitian ini melakukan reviu yang melibatkan 7 studi jurnal yang berkaitan dengan motivasi kerja dan kinerja karyawan pada 10 tahun terakhir dan dengan jumlah responden sebanyak 448. Hasil dari penelitian studi meta-analisis ini menunjukkan korelasi yang small effect size sebesar r= 0,57 (95%CI=0.361,0.72) confidance intervalnya akan ada heterogeneity 𝐼²=85.2% maka meta-analisis ini menggunakan random effect size. Dari hasil tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa motivasi kerja kurang berkorelasi dengan kinerja karyawan secara langsung dikarenakan memiliki medium effect size . hal ini mengisyaratkan ada variabel beban kerja memberikan pengaruh ataupun efek yang cukup sedang terhadap stres kerja karyawan.

scholarly journals The statistical power analysis of tests used in animal breeding studies on lamb birth weight in Turkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
I. Doğan ◽  
N. Doğan
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Power Analysis ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
Adequate Power ◽  
Birth Type

Abstract. This study aims on to evaluate the statistical power of 40 published articles in Turkey. In order to maintain consistency, only the most common statistical test (t-test) was power analysed, alpha was held at a uniform value of 0.05 and Cohen’s (1977) definitions of small, medium and large effect sizes were adopted. The Sample Power software was used in all analysis. A total of 40 articles, 24 of them include the gender effect and 16 of them include birth type effect on the birth weight of lambs, were used. An average power estimate for small effect size was 0.062 and 0.05, for medium effect size was 0.534 and 0.347 and for large effect size was 0.598 and 0.854. The statistical power appears to be adequate only for large effect size criteria in these studies. If 0.80 was taken as an adequate power, the results indicate, for gender and birth type factors that none of the studies had adequate power to detect a small effect size, % 57.1 for gender factors and % 83.3 for birth type did not have adequate power to detect a medium effect size, and % 60.9 for gender factor and % 28.2 for birth type factor did not have adequate power to detect even a large effect size. The application of the power analysis is recommended.

scholarly journals Match and Training High Intensity Activity-Demands Profile during a Competitive Mesocycle in Youth Elite Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
José María Oliva-Lozano ◽  
Carlos David Gómez-Carmona ◽  
José Pino-Ortega ◽  
Víctor Moreno-Pérez ◽  
Manuel Antonio Rodríguez-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
And Training ◽  
Match Location

Abstract The monitoring of the high intensity activity-demands profile during official matches (OMs) and training sessions (TSs) provides a deeper understanding of the relationship between training and competition loads as well as players’ fitness characteristics. The aims of this study were to: 1) describe the training and match high intensity activity-demands profile in U-19 soccer players; 2) compare the profile depending on the type of session (OM or TS) throughout match-weeks; and 3) differentiate between profiles depending on the match location (home or away). Twenty-five U-19 Spanish soccer players were monitored during TSs and OMs for a one-month competitive period using a WIMU PROTM wearable inertial device. The variables of the study were: high speed running distance (HSRD), total sprints (SPs), maximum speed (MS) and player load (PL). OMs required higher demands than TSs in HSRD (460.99 ± 206.18 vs. 315.45 ± 180.12 m; p < 0.01; d = 0.75), SPs (10.86 ± 6.64 vs. 7.23 ± 4.82; p < 0.01; d = 0.69), MS (29.99 ± 2.54 vs. 28.50 ± 2.4 km/h; p < 0.01; d = 0.59) and PL (103.08 ± 24.15 vs. 83.18 ± 17.96 a.u.; p < 0.01; d = 0.94). The interaction between the type of session and mean week’s demands presented differences with medium effect size in MS (p < 0.01; ωp 2 = 0.06) and small effect size in HSRD (p = 0.04; ωp 2 = 0.03), and SP (p = 0.05; ωp 2 = 0.03), but there were no differences in PL (p = 0.18; ωp 2 = 0). Finally, no differences were found in the match location comparison (p > 0.33; d = 0.22–0.33). Therefore, the profiles presented could be useful for future scientific purposes and serve as valid information for coaches trying to optimize performance.

scholarly journals Transdiagnostic comparison of visual working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine V. Barnes-Scheufler ◽  
Caroline Passow ◽  
Lara Rösler ◽  
Jutta S. Mayer ◽  
Viola Oertel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Small Effect Size ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Impaired working memory is a core cognitive deficit in both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Its study might yield crucial insights into the underpinnings of both disorders on the cognitive and neurophysiological level. Visual working memory capacity is a particularly promising construct for such translational studies. However, it has not yet been investigated across the full spectrum of both disorders. The aim of our study was to compare the degree of reductions of visual working memory capacity in patients with bipolar disorder (PBD) and patients with schizophrenia (PSZ) using a paradigm well established in cognitive neuroscience. Methods 62 PBD, 64 PSZ, and 70 healthy controls (HC) completed a canonical visual change detection task. Participants had to encode the color of four circles and indicate after a short delay whether the color of one of the circles had changed or not. We estimated working memory capacity using Pashler’s K. Results Working memory capacity was significantly reduced in both PBD and PSZ compared to HC. We observed a small effect size (r = .202) for the difference between HC and PBD and a medium effect size (r = .370) for the difference between HC and PSZ. Working memory capacity in PSZ was also significantly reduced compared to PBD with a small effect size (r = .201). Thus, PBD showed an intermediate level of impairment. Conclusions These findings provide evidence for a gradient of reduced working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, with PSZ showing the strongest degree of impairment. This underscores the importance of disturbed information processing for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Our results are compatible with the cognitive manifestation of a neurodevelopmental gradient affecting bipolar disorder to a lesser degree than schizophrenia. They also highlight the relevance of visual working memory capacity for the development of both behavior- and brain-based transdiagnostic biomarkers.

scholarly journals An Egocentric Network Contact Tracing Experiment: Testing Different Procedures to Elicit Contacts and Places

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Andrew Pilny ◽  
C. Joseph Huber
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
Egocentric Network ◽  
Survey Instruments

Contact tracing is one of the oldest social network health interventions used to reduce the diffusion of various infectious diseases. However, some infectious diseases like COVID-19 amass at such a great scope that traditional methods of conducting contact tracing (e.g., face-to-face interviews) remain difficult to implement, pointing to the need to develop reliable and valid survey approaches. The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of three different egocentric survey methods for extracting contact tracing data: (1) a baseline approach, (2) a retrieval cue approach, and (3) a context-based approach. A sample of 397 college students were randomized into one condition each. They were prompted to anonymously provide contacts and populated places visited from the past four days depending on what condition they were given. After controlling for various demographic, social identity, psychological, and physiological variables, participants in the context-based condition were significantly more likely to recall more contacts (medium effect size) and places (large effect size) than the other two conditions. Theoretically, the research supports suggestions by field theory that assume network recall can be significantly improved by activating relevant activity foci. Practically, the research contributes to the development of innovative social network data collection methods for contract tracing survey instruments.

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