Investigations of the sensitivity of ornamental, fruit, and nut plant species to driftable rates of 2,4-D and dicamba

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
Brian R. Dintelmann ◽  
Michele R. Warmund ◽  
Mandy D. Bish ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Eastern Redbud

AbstractAn experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine the sensitivity of driftable rates of 2,4-D and dicamba with or without glyphosate on common ornamental, fruit, and nut species. Three driftable rates corresponding to ½, 1/20th, and 1/200th of the manufacturer’s labeled rate (1 × rate) of 2,4-D (1.09 kg ae ha−1), 2,4-D plus glyphosate (1.09 kg ae ha−1 plus 1.10 kg ae ha−1), dicamba (0.56 kg ae ha−1), and dicamba plus glyphosate (0.56 kg ae ha−1 plus 1.10 kg ae ha−1) were applied to apple, crabapple, dogwood, American elderberry, American elm, grapevine, hydrangea, red maple, pin oak, peach, pecan, eastern redbud, rose, red raspberry, strawberry, sweetgum, nannyberry viburnum, and black walnut plants. Visible estimates of injury were recorded 28 and 56 days after treatment (DAT). Plant measurements included leaf malformation, tree trunk growth, and shoot length. Across all species, the ½ × rate of 2,4-D plus glyphosate resulted in 61% injury 28 DAT, whereas the ½ × rate of dicamba plus glyphosate resulted in 51% injury. Across plant species and herbicides, ½ ×, 1/20 ×, and 1/200 × rates caused injury ranging from 3% to 100%, 0% to 66%, and 0% to 19%, respectively. Hydrangea was the least sensitive species; grapevine was most sensitive. Changes in plant measurements were dependent on the species and herbicide applied. Treatments at the ½ × or 1/20 × rate resulted in shoot length, leaf malformation, and trunk tree diameter differences for 11, 10, and 7 species, respectively, compared with nontreated plants. Collectively, the measurements and visual injury assessments indicated apple, red maple, peach, and pin oak were more sensitive to treatments containing dicamba, whereas black walnut, grapevine, and American elm were more sensitive to 2,4-D. Although the 1/200 × rates of 2,4-D and dicamba did not result in changes to plant measurements, obvious injury symptoms were observed, which could render these plants unsalable.

Use of Mixtures of Allelochemicals to Compare Bioassays Using Red Maple, Pin Cherry, and American Elm

1997 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1101-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Véronneau ◽  
Ann Francine Greer ◽  
Stéphane Daigle ◽  
Gilles Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Red Maple ◽  
American Elm

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN BELT AROUND INDUSTRIES IN ASSAM USING SELECTIVE TREE AND PLANT SPECIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 610-613
Author(s):  
Jiban Jyoti Das
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Green Belt ◽  
Pollution Tolerance ◽  
Air Pollution Tolerance Index

Industrialization is an important aspect of a growing economy. However, rapid industrialization has caused many serious impacts on the environment. One such impact is the deteriorating air quality, especially around industries. It is said that afforestation is the best and simplest way for improving the air quality. Also, trees and plants have been increasingly used as filters for dust particles around the home, traffic roads, etc. In scientific studies, it has also been found that trees and plant leaves can be used to assess the ambient air quality by an index called the Air pollution tolerance index. A literature search has been done on the scientific database like Sciencedirect and Researchgate to review the existing knowledge of Air pollution tolerance index and to find the tolerant and sensitive species based on it so that these species can be selectively planted to assess the ambient air quality and also to develop a better green belt around refineries and industries in Assam. The study has reviewed the linkage of the impact of air pollution on leaves of plants and trees through scientific evidence. Through such scientific reviews, the most tolerant species of trees and plants were chosen with the condition that it can grow under the climatic condition of Assam. The recommendation and suggestions of tolerant tree and plant species can be used for specific species plantations for developing green belts around refineries and industries in Assam. The recommendation of sensitive species can be used for monitoring ambient air quality with reference to other standard procedures. KEYWORDS: Air pollution tolerance index, Industries, Air- pollution, Green belt

scholarly journals Characteristics of Trees with Excavated Cavities Used by Birds in Rhode Island

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Kowal ◽  
Thomas P. Husband
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Cavity Nesting

Abstract Our study examined the specific characteristics of 58 trees with excavated cavities used by birds in Rhode Island. Forty-five percent of cavity trees used by cavity-nesting birds were red maple and American elm. Forty-one percent of cavity trees had ≥ 2 cavities. Most cavities were ≤0.9 m from a decay entry point such as a broken top or branch. The characteristics of trees most often used by cavity-nesting birds included: dead; broken tops; > 80% of bark cover; and low resistance to heartwood decay and ice damage. Trees with these characteristics pose little competition to crop trees and should be left standing. North. J. Appl. For. 13(1):16-18.

scholarly journals Distribution, Survival, and Development of Spotted Lanternfly on Host Plants Found in North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1270-1281
Author(s):  
Kelly Murman ◽  
Gregory P Setliff ◽  
Cathryn V Pugh ◽  
Michael J Toolan ◽  
Isaiah Canlas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Quercus Acutissima ◽  
Tree Of Heaven ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Sawtooth Oak

Abstract Studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 to evaluate spotted lanternfly (SLF) distribution and developmental suitability of different plant species in the U.S. Tree bands on 283 trees spanning 33 species captured 21,006 SLF in 2 yr. More SLF per tree were trapped on tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) than on other species, on average, and most adults were captured on tree-of-heaven. Frequency of detection of adult SLF was higher on tree-of-heaven than on other species but was actually equal or lower on tree-of-heaven than on all other species combined for younger SLF stages in 2015. An enclosed choice test between tree-of-heaven and black walnut Juglans nigra L. (Fagales: Juglandaceae) revealed nymphs showed little consistent preference, whereas adults consistently and significantly preferred tree-of-heaven. No-choice field sleeve studies evaluated SLF survivorship on 26 host plant species in 17 families. Ten plant species supported SLF for an average of ≥45 d, with the rest unable to support SLF for >30 d. Eight species were able to support development from first instar to adult: black walnut, chinaberry Melia azedarach L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae), oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Celastrales: Celastraceae), tree-of-heaven, hops Humulus lupulus L. (Rosales: Cannabaceae), sawtooth oak Quercus acutissima Carruthers (Fagales: Fagaceae), butternut Juglans cinerea L, and tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifiera L. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae). The ability of SLF to develop to adult on hosts other than tree-of-heaven may impact pest management decisions.

Relative Sensitivity of Several Plants to Dinoseb

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schroeder ◽  
G. F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Relative Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitive Species ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Root Bioassay ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth

The I50values obtained with preemergence applications of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) for shoot and root growth in soil, or root growth in a bioassay were determined for 68 plant varieties representing 66 species. The I50values in soil indicate a difference of more than 240 fold between the most sensitive species, shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) Medic.) and the most tolerant species, peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL.). The correlations among the I50values for shoot and root growth in soil and the root bioassay were significant. The I50values between susceptibility of plants to soil-applied dinoseb and their seed size are correlated significantly. Large-seeded plant species and larger seeds within varieties, in general, were more tolerant to dinoseb than small-seeded species and smaller seeds within a given variety. However, there appeared to be other factors involved in susceptibility. For example, there were differences in response among families; the Leguminosae were the most tolerant, while the Solanaceae and Cruciferae were particularly susceptible.

scholarly journals Turf Herbicide Injury to Landscape Trees as Influenced by Mulch

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
L.J. Smith ◽  
W.A. Skroch
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Eastern Redbud ◽  
Callery Pear ◽  
Tree Injury ◽  
Landscape Trees

Abstract A two year field study was conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the sensitivity of landscape trees to certain turf herbicides as affected by mulch. The study included four tree species (‘Bradford’ callery pear, crape myrtle, Eastern redbud, red maple), four mulch treatments (shredded hardwood bark, pine bark, pine needles, no mulch), and six herbicide treatments [Banvel (dicamba), BAS 514 OOH (quinclorac), Image (imazaquin), Redeem (triclopyr), Stinger (clopyralid)]. Herbicides were applied as directed sprays at the labeled rates for use on turf. Visual injury (%) ratings were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after treatment. Trunk diameters and total plant fresh weights were measured at the conclusion of the study. In most cases, applying the herbicide over mulch decreased tree injury compared to applications to bare soil (Fig. 3). Red maples were most severely injured by Stinger (clopyralid) (27%) (60 DAT) and BAS 514 OOH (quinclorac) (33%) (60 DAT). Redbuds were most severely injured by the same two herbicides, but at 89% (120 DAT) and 73% (120 DAT), respectively. ‘Bradford’ pears were injured by Banvel (dicamba) (32%) (120 DAT), and crape myrtles by Image (imazaquin) (10%) (120 DAT).

scholarly journals An Ultrasonic Tree Trunk Diameter Caliper

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91
Author(s):  
B.L. Upchurch ◽  
D.M. Glenn ◽  
G. Vass ◽  
W.A. Anger
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Transducer ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Mean Error ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Highly Correlated

A unique sensing system is described using an ultrasonic transducer for measuring tree trunk diameters in the orchard. Trunk diameters were calculated from the time it took sound waves to travel from the transducer to the trunk and back to the sensor. The device was calibrated with objects ranging in diameter from 1.6 (0.63 inch) to 19.0 cm (7.5 inches). The distance between the transducer and object was reduced as the diameter increased and was highly correlated (P = 0.99) with actual diameter. The ultrasonic tree diameter sensor exhibited a mean error of 0.04 cm.

scholarly journals Response of Adult Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) Nodal Explants on DKW and LP Media

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 874B-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagib B. Khan ◽  
John E. Preece ◽  
Bradley H. Taylor ◽  
J.W. Van Sambeek
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Gelling Agent ◽  
Nodal Segments ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Culture Initiation ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
Term Maintenance

Branch tips (30 to 40 cm long) of adult black walnut were forced in a half-strength solution of Long and Preece medium (LP) salts (minus iron) plus 1 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC). The resulting softwood shoots were surface-disinfested and cut into 1.5-cm-long nodal segments. Explants were placed on two media: Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut medium (DKW) or LP with four plant growth regulator combinations: 5 μM BA with 0.05 μM IBA, 10 μM BA, 1 nM TDZ, or 10 nM TDZ in a factorial arrangement. Gelrite was used as the gelling agent. Explants were transferred to fresh medium on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after initiation, then weekly. Data recorded 60 days after culture initiation showed more and longer shoots and leaves, greater explant diameter, more green (living) tissue, and less exudation per explant on LP than on DKW. Greatest explant and shoot length were observed when the medium contained 10 nM TDZ. BA (10 μM) and LP were best for long-term maintenance of cultures

scholarly journals Effect of Container Color on Substrate Temperatures and Growth of Red Maple and Redbud

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 721-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Markham ◽  
Dale J. Bremer ◽  
Cheryl R. Boyer ◽  
Kenneth R. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
The South ◽  
South Side ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Color Treatment ◽  
Eastern Redbud ◽  
Substrate Temperatures

Heat stress is problematic to root growth in the production of containerized nursery plants. Container color may moderate effects of solar radiation on substrate temperatures. Studies were conducted near Manhattan, KS, to evaluate effects of container color on growth of roots and shoots in bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.). Four treatments among studies included containers colored flat and gloss white, silver, and black; a green container color treatment was added to the tree studies. Plants were grown in bark-based soil-less substrate and temperatures were measured at 5-cm depths in the south sides and centers. After 4 months, plant variables were measured. Roots were separated into three sections: core, north, and south. In the bean study, substrate temperatures at the south side of the container averaged lowest in flat and gloss white (≈36 °C) and greatest in black containers (50.3 °C). Root density at the south side was reduced in beans by 63% to 71% in black compared with flat and gloss white. In heat-sensitive maples, substrate temperatures at the south side of containers averaged up to 7.7 °C greater in black and green than in other treatments. Substrate temperatures in the center averaged 3.5 to 3.8 °C greater in black than in flat and gloss white, resulting in up to 2.5 times greater root density in flat and gloss white than in black containers. In heat-tolerant redbuds, the effects of container color on whole-plant growth were less evident. Data suggest that heat-sensitive plants benefit from being grown in white containers or painting outer surfaces of green and black containers white.

Epicormic Shoot Forcing of Adult Red Maple, Sugar Maple, and Eastern Black Walnut

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 478b-478
Author(s):  
David A. Connolly ◽  
Amy B. Bailey ◽  
John E. Preece ◽  
J.W. Van Sambeek
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Shoot Forcing ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Stem Segments ◽  
Eastern Black Walnut

Dormant stem sections from three individuals each of Acer rubrum (red maple) and A. saccharium (sugar maple), and three clones of Juglans nigra (eastern black walnut) were collected from lower lateral branches of trees at least 30 years old. The stem sections were cut into 50-cm-long segments and placed horizontally in soilless media in a greenhouse. Two experiments were conducted to determine which treatments were most efficient for the production and elongation of epicormic shoots from latent buds below the bark. The first experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of two levels of shading (not shaded or covered with 48% Saran shade cloth) and two levels of flooding (not flooded or flooded to a depth of 1/3 to 1/2 the diameter of the stem sections). Flooded treatments contained 0.025% NaClO to control microbial growth. The second experiment consisted of three media treatments: perlite, vermiculite, or a 1 perlite: 1 vermiculite (by volume) medium. No stem segments of any species in flooded treatments produced softwood shoots. Neither shading nor media treatments affected shoot number or length for any of the species. Additional sugar maple segments collected after budbreak produced more and longer shoots than those collected while dormant.

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