scholarly journals Harvest weed seed control of Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot], common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson)

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (04) ◽  
pp. 627-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn C. Beam ◽  
Steven Mirsky ◽  
Charlie Cahoon ◽  
David Haak ◽  
Michael Flessner
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Global Agriculture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Viable Method

AbstractHerbicide resistance is a major problem in United States and global agriculture, driving farmers to consider other methods of weed control. One of these methods is harvest weed seed control (HWSC), which has been demonstrated to be effective in Australia. HWSC studies were conducted across Virginia in 2017 and 2018, targeting Italian ryegrass in continuous winter wheat as well as common ragweed and Palmer amaranth in continuous soybean. These studies assessed the impact of HWSC (via weed seed removal) on weed populations in the next year’s crop compared with conventional harvest (weed seeds returned). HWSC reduced Italian ryegrass tillers compared with the conventional harvest at two locations in April (29% and 69%), but no difference was observed at a third location. At wheat harvest, HWSC at one location reduced Italian ryegrass seed heads (41 seed heads m−2) compared with conventional harvest (125 seed heads m−2). In soybean, before preplant herbicide applications and POST herbicide applications, HWSC reduced common ragweed densities by 22% and 26%, respectively, compared with the conventional harvest plots. By soybean harvest, no differences in common ragweed density, seed retention, or crop yield were observed, because of effectiveness of POST herbicides. No treatment differences were observed at any evaluation timing for Palmer amaranth, which is attributed to farmer weed management (i.e., effective herbicides) and low weed densities making any potential treatment differences difficult to detect. Across wheat and soybean, there were no differences observed in crop yield between treatments. Overall, HWSC was demonstrated to be a viable method to reduce Italian ryegrass and common ragweed populations.

scholarly journals Impact of Weed Management on Peanut Yield and Weed Populations the Following Year

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-190
Author(s):  
A.T. Hare ◽  
D.L. Jordan ◽  
R.G. Leon ◽  
K.L. Edmisten ◽  
A.R. Post ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Rotational Crop ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at two locations in North Carolina to evaluate common ragweed (Ambrosia artemiisifolia L.) (Lewiston-Woodville) and Palmer amaranth (Amanthus palmeri S. Wats) control (Rocky Mount), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield, and estimated economic return when herbicides were applied postemergence (POST) at 2 or 6 weeks after planting (WAP); 2 and 4 WAP; 4 and 6 WAP; and 2, 4, and 6 WAP. During the following growing season, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was planted directly into the same plots to determine the impact of weed management during the previous season on weed density. In absence of herbicides, peanut yield was 880 and 1110 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville and Rocky Mount, respectively. When weed control depended on a single herbicide application, yield ranged from 1760 to 2660 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville, and 2080 to 2480 kg/ha at Rocky Mount. When herbicides were applied twice, peanut yield ranged from 2690 to 3280 kg/ha at Lewiston-Woodville and 3420 to 3840 kg/ha at Rocky Mount. The greatest yields were recorded when herbicides were applied two or three times. Applying herbicides increased the estimated economic return of peanut compared to the non-treated control (NTC). In cotton the following year, common ragweed populations at Lewiston-Woodville were greater following the NTC or a single herbicide application 2 WAP compared to more intensive herbicide programs. Palmer amaranth density at Rocky Mount the following year in cotton was not affected by weed management the previous year in peanut. These results illustrate the relative importance of timing and duration of weed management for peanut and how they influence weed emergence in the following cotton rotational crop.

scholarly journals Integrated Weed Management Systems to Control Common Ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) in Soybean

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn C. Beam ◽  
Charles W. Cahoon ◽  
David C. Haak ◽  
David L. Holshouser ◽  
Steven B. Mirsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
First Year ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Winter Cover ◽  
Second Year

As resistance to herbicides limits growers' weed management options, integrated weed management (IWM) systems that combine non-chemical tactics with herbicides are becoming critical. A 2 year integrated weed management (IWM) study was conducted at three locations in VA, USA. The factorial study evaluated: (1) soybean planting date (early or late planted) (2) with or without winter cover (cereal rye/wheat or no cover), and (3) with or without harvest weed seed control (HWSC). Prior to soybean planting in the first year, winter cover resulted in a 22% reduction in common ragweed density compared to no cover. At soybean harvest in the first year, the lowest common ragweed densities were in the late planted plots following winter wheat, and common ragweed aboveground biomass was reduced by 46 and 22% at two locations in late planted compared to early planted soybean. To evaluate the impact of the first year's treatments and HWSC, full season soybeans were planted across the trial in the second year. Prior to soybean planting in the second year, late planting in the first year common ragweed density was reduced by 83% at one location, but significant reductions were not observed elsewhere. When comparing winter cover to no cover, common ragweed densities were reduced by 31 and 49% at two locations and densities were similar at the third location. Harvest weed seed control reduced common ragweed density by 43% at one location compared to the conventional harvest plots but no significant reductions were observed at the other locations or at other rating timings. However, there was a significant location by planting date by winter cover interaction and the overall lowest common ragweed densities (4.1 to 10.3 plants m−2) were in the late planted plots with winter cover. This research indicated that winter cover, late planting, and HWSC can reduce common ragweed populations with late planting being the most influential. Therefore, double-cropping soybean after wheat is likely the most viable means to better control common ragweed using IWM as it combines both winter cover and late planting date.

scholarly journals The Pitfalls of Relating Weeds, Herbicide Use, and Crop Yield: Don't Fall Into the Trap! A Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Colbach ◽  
Sandrine Petit ◽  
Bruno Chauvel ◽  
Violaine Deytieux ◽  
Martin Lechenet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
The Impact

The growing recognition of the environmental and health issues associated to pesticide use requires to investigate how to manage weeds with less or no herbicides in arable farming while maintaining crop productivity. The questions of weed harmfulness, herbicide efficacy, the effects of herbicide use on crop yields, and the effect of reducing herbicides on crop production have been addressed over the years but results and interpretations often appear contradictory. In this paper, we critically analyze studies that have focused on the herbicide use, weeds and crop yield nexus. We identified many inconsistencies in the published results and demonstrate that these often stem from differences in the methodologies used and in the choice of the conceptual model that links the three items. Our main findings are: (1) although our review confirms that herbicide reduction increases weed infestation if not compensated by other cultural techniques, there are many shortcomings in the different methods used to assess the impact of weeds on crop production; (2) Reducing herbicide use rarely results in increased crop yield loss due to weeds if farmers compensate low herbicide use by other efficient cultural practices; (3) There is a need for comprehensive studies describing the effect of cropping systems on crop production that explicitly include weeds and disentangle the impact of herbicides from the effect of other practices on weeds and on crop production. We propose a framework that presents all the links and feed-backs that must be considered when analyzing the herbicide-weed-crop yield nexus. We then provide a number of methodological recommendations for future studies. We conclude that, since weeds are causing yield loss, reduced herbicide use and maintained crop productivity necessarily requires a redesign of cropping systems. These new systems should include both agronomic and biodiversity-based levers acting in concert to deliver sustainable weed management.

Weed Seed Population Dynamics During Six Years of Weed Management Systems in Crop Rotations on Irrigated Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Menges
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Seed Population ◽  
Amaranth Seed ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Herbicide Use

The influence of two weed management systems was determined on weed seed and seedling populations and on yields of cantaloupe (Cucumis meloL. var.reticulatusNaudin ‘Perlita′), bell pepper (Capsicum annuumL. var.grossum‘Grande Rio 66′), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘CP 3374′), onion (Allium cepaL. ‘1015Y′), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea, var.capitataL. 'Sanibel′) sequentially grown in two 3-yr cycles. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats. # AMAPA) did not exist initially, but hurricane-introduced seed populations increased to 1.1 billion/ha as seed populations of common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL. # POROL) decreased from 786 million/ha to 124 million/ha in the 6-yr period, without weeding or herbicide. Use of herbicides and handweeding reduced Palmer amaranth seed populations 98%, but 18 million/ha still remained after 6 yr. The use of herbicides and Palmer amaranth interference decreased the seed populations of common purslane by 84%, but handweeding was inefficient. Yields of all but the first crop of cantalouple were almost totally eliminated by season-long interference of Palmer amaranth. Savings with the utilization of herbicides rather than handweeding ranged from $62/ha for cotton to $4703/ha for bell pepper.

scholarly journals Late-Season Weed Management to Stop Viable Weed Seed Production

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Hill ◽  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Mark J. VanGessel ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Barbara A. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Mature Seeds

Integrated weed management (IWM) for agronomic and vegetable production systems utilizes all available options to effectively manage weeds. Late-season weed control measures are often needed to improve crop harvest and stop additions to the weed seed bank. Eliminating the production of viable weed seeds is one of the key IWM practices. The objective of this research was to determine how termination method and timing influence viable weed seed production of late-season weed infestations. Research was conducted in Delaware, Michigan, and New York over a 2-yr period. The weeds studied included: common lambsquarters, common ragweed, giant foxtail, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf. Three termination methods were imposed: cutting at the plant base (simulating hand hoeing), chopping (simulating mowing), and applying glyphosate. The three termination timings were flowering, immature seeds present, and mature seeds present. Following termination, plants were stored in the field in mesh bags until mid-Fall when seeds were counted and tested for viability. Termination timing influenced viable seed development; however, termination method did not. Common ragweed and giant foxtail produced viable seeds when terminated at the time of flowering. All species produced some viable seed when immature seeds were present at the time of termination. The time of viable seed formation varied based on species and site-year, ranging from plants terminated the day of flowering to 1,337 growing degree d after flowering (base 10, 0 to 57 calendar d). Viable seed production was reduced by 64 to 100% when common lambsquarters, giant foxtail, jimsonweed, and velvetleaf were terminated with immature seeds present, compared to when plants were terminated with some mature seeds present. Our results suggest that terminating common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and giant foxtail prior to flowering, and velvetleaf and jimsonweed less than 2 and 3 wk after flowering, respectively, greatly reduces weed seed bank inputs.

scholarly journals A “Stressed” Alfalfa-Based Cropping System Leads to the Selection of Quizalofop-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perennessp.multiflorum)

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Collavo ◽  
Silvia Panozzo ◽  
Antonio Allegri ◽  
Maurizio Sattin
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Ester ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Quizalofop Ethyl ◽  
Selection Of

Italian ryegrass populations investigated in this study were harvested in an alfalfa-based cropping system. In that system, the agronomic practices and chemical weed management, based on the use of aryloxyphenoxy-propionates herbicides (i.e., quizalofop ethyl ester), were optimized to obtain a dual seed–forage production. Five of seven populations tested were confirmed resistant to quizalofop ethyl ester with resistance indexes ranging from 4.5 to >209. Both target- and nontarget-site resistance mechanisms were most likely involved. Three allelic variants were detected (Ile-1781–Leu, Trp-2027–Cys, and Ile-2041–Asn) in four resistant populations, whereas no known mutations were found in one resistant population. The herbicide treatment on Italian ryegrass plants at different phenological stages suggested that to control regrowth, it is necessary to use two to fives times the herbicide dose suitable for younger plants. This situation is encountered in fields when Italian ryegrass plants need to be controlled to maximize the alfalfa seed production, and it is comparable to using a sublethal herbicide dose, leading to the selection of herbicide-resistant biotypes. In such a situation, the cropping system is not sustainable, and integrated weed management should be implemented to deplete the soil weed seed bank and prevent new weed seed production.

Rising CO2 and pollen production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), a known allergy-inducing species: implications for public health.

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis H. Ziska ◽  
Frances A. Caulfield
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
The Impact

Although environmental factors such as precipitation and temperature are recognized as influencing pollen production, the impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) on the potential growth and pollen production of hay-fever-inducing plants is unknown. Here we present measurements of growth and pollen production of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) from pre-industrial [CO2] (280 mol mol–1) to current concentrations (370 mol mol–1) to a projected 21st century concentration (600 mol mol–1). We found that exposure to current and elevated [CO2] increased ragweed pollen production by 131 and 320%, respectively, compared to plants grown at pre-industrial [CO2]. The observed stimulations of pollen production from the pre-industrial [CO2] were due to an increase in the number (at 370 mol mol–1) and number and size (at 600 mol mol–1) of floral spikes. Overall, floral weight as a percentage of total plant weight decreased (from 21% to 13%), while investment in pollen increased (from 3.6 to 6%) between 280 and 600 mol mol–1 CO2. Our results suggest that the continuing increase in atmospheric [CO2] could directly influence public health by stimulating the growth and pollen production of allergy-inducing species such as ragweed.

Assessment of Weed Management Practices and Problem Weeds in the Midsouth United States—Soybean: A Consultant's Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilpreet S. Riar ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Lawrence E. Steckel ◽  
Daniel O. Stephenson ◽  
Thomas W. Eubank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
On Farm

Soybean consultants from Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee were surveyed by direct mail and by on-farm visits in fall 2011 to assess weed management practices and the prevalence of weed species in midsouth U.S. soybean. These consultants represented 15, 21, 5, and 10% of total soybean planted in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, respectively, in 2011. Collectively, 93% of the total scouted area in these four states was planted with glyphosate-resistant (RR) soybean. The adoption of glufosinate-resistant (LL) soybean was greatest in Arkansas (12%), followed by Tennessee (4%), Mississippi (2%), and Louisiana (< 1%). Only 17% of the RR soybean was treated solely with glyphosate, compared with 35% of LL soybean treated solely with glufosinate. Across four states, average cost of herbicides in RR and LL soybean systems was US$78 and US$91 ha−1, respectively. Collectively across states, total scouted area under conventional tillage was 42%, stale seedbed was 37%, and no-tillage was 21%. Palmer amaranth and morningglories were the most problematic weeds in all four states. Additionally, barnyardgrass and horseweed were the third most problematic weeds of Arkansas and Tennessee, respectively, and Italian ryegrass was the third most problematic weed in Louisiana and Mississippi. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth infested fewer fields in Louisiana (16% of fields) than it did in the remaining three states (54% collectively). Average Palmer amaranth hand-weeding costs in the midsouth was US$59 ha−1. Three-fourths of the midsouth consultants stipulated the need for continued research and education focused on management of glyphosate-resistant and glyphosate-tolerant weed species.

Response of Annual Weed Species to Glufosinate and Glyphosate

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent E. Tharp ◽  
Oliver Schabenberger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Large Crabgrass

The recent introduction of glufosinate-resistant and glyphosate-resistant crops provides growers with new options for weed management. Information is needed to compare the effectiveness of glufosinate and glyphosate on annual weeds. Greenhouse trials were conducted to determine the response of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) to glufosinate and glyphosate. The response of velvetleaf and common lambsquarters was investigated at multiple stages of growth. Glufosinate and glyphosate were applied to each weed species at logarithmically incremented rates. The glufosinate and glyphosate rates that provided a 50% reduction in aboveground weed biomass, commonly referred to as GR50values, were compared using nonlinear regression techniques. Barnyardgrass, common ragweed, fall panicum, giant foxtail, and large crabgrass responded similarly to glufosinate and glyphosate. Common lambsquarters 4 to 8 cm in height was more sensitive to glufosinate than glyphosate. In contrast, 15- to 20-cm tall-velvetleaf was more sensitive to glyphosate than glufosinate.

Systems Approach to Weed Management in Irrigated Crops

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Schweizer ◽  
Donald W. Lybecker ◽  
Robert L. Zimdahl
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
System 1 ◽  
The Impact

The impact of four weed management systems on weed seed reserves in soil, yearly weed problem, and production of barley, corn, pinto bean, and sugarbeet was assessed where these crops were grown in rotation for 4 consecutive years in four cropping sequences. Weeds were controlled in each crop with only conventional tillage or conventional tillage plus minimum, moderate (system 1), and intensive (system 2) levels of herbicides. Seed of annual weeds from 11 genera were identified, with barnyardgrass and redroot pigweed comprising 66 and 19%, respectively, of the initial 90 million weed seed/ha present in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile. After the fourth cropping year, overall decline in total number of weed seed in soil was 53% when averaged over four cropping sequences and four weed management systems. Over the 4-yr period, about 10 times more weeds escaped control in system 1 than in system 2; and within a crop, the fewest number of weeds escaped control annually in barley. System 2 had the highest herbicide use in each cropping sequence, the fewest weeds at harvest, and the smallest adjusted gross return over the 4-yr period in three of four cropping sequences.

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