The Mode of Action of Adjuvants—Relevance of Physicochemical Properties for Effects on the Foliar Application, Cuticular Permeability, and Greenhouse Performance of Pinoxaden

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (23) ◽  
pp. 5770-5777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katja Arand ◽  
Elisabeth Asmus ◽  
Christian Popp ◽  
Daniel Schneider ◽  
Markus Riederer
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Cuticular Permeability

scholarly journals Mode-of-Action of Antimicrobial Peptides: Membrane Disruption vs. Intracellular Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie H. Benfield ◽  
Sónia Troeira Henriques
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Model Membranes ◽  
Membrane Disruption ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Bacterial Cells

Antimicrobial peptides are an attractive alternative to traditional antibiotics, due to their physicochemical properties, activity toward a broad spectrum of bacteria, and mode-of-actions distinct from those used by current antibiotics. In general, antimicrobial peptides kill bacteria by either disrupting their membrane, or by entering inside bacterial cells to interact with intracellular components. Characterization of their mode-of-action is essential to improve their activity, avoid resistance in bacterial pathogens, and accelerate their use as therapeutics. Here we review experimental biophysical tools that can be employed with model membranes and bacterial cells to characterize the mode-of-action of antimicrobial peptides.

Oxadiazon Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism in Rice (Oryza sativa) and Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagi Reddy Achhireddy ◽  
Ralph C. Kirkwood ◽  
William W. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Treated Leaf

The mode of action and selectivity of oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] were investigated in tolerant rice (Oryza sativaL.) and susceptible barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯3ECHCG]. Oxadiazon produced only brown spots on the foliage of rice plants at higher rates (> 500 ppmv), while LC50for barnyardgrass was 250 ppmv. Translocation of14C-oxadiazon from the treated leaf was minimal in both species; after 7 days, about 2 and 3% of applied14C translocated in rice and barnyardgrass, respectively. In rice,14C recovered in water and chloroform washings of the treated leaf was 25% in each and in barnyardgrass, 20 and 18%, respectively. After water and chloroform washings,14C-oxadiazon present in the treated leaf of barnyardgrass and rice was 36 and 26%, respectively. In rice and barnyardgrass, unaltered14C-oxadiazon represented 86 and 79% of applied14C, respectively, 7 days after application. In barnyardgrass 7 days after foliar application, oxadiazon inhibited14CO2fixation and the export of fixed carbon. The effects were less marked in rice.

Design, Synthesis and Insecticidal Activity of 3-(Ethylsulfonyl)-Pyridines Bearing Trifluoromethyl-Oxadiazole Fragment

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangkun Zhong ◽  
Jing Yuan ◽  
Dan Pei ◽  
Xinghai Liu ◽  
Tianming Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Insecticidal Activity ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Pyridine Ring ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Mythimna Separate

Background: Oxadiazole fragment is one of the most prevalent structures in biochemicals, especially in the research of new pesticides. It is necessary to develop new insecticides with different mode of action for the treatment of insecticide resistance problems. And, it is worth exploring the new active insecticidal lead structures with oxadiazole fragments. Methods: We used a "splicing up" method introducing the trifluoromethyl-oxadiazole moiety to 3-(ethylsulfonyl)-pyridine structure, and replaced the 6-position on the pyridine ring by different substituted amines. Then, a series of novel 3- (ethylsulfonyl)-pyridines containing trifluoromethyl-oxadiazole moiety were designed and synthesized. All these title compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS. Results and Discussion: The primary insecticidal activity results indicated that some of them (A1-A7, A10, A13-A14) exhibited good mortality against Mythimna separate at 500 mg/L (80-100%), and compounds A13 and A14 have moderate insecticidal activity against M. separate at 250 mg/L (50-55%). Discussion: The bioassay results showed that the designed compounds did not achieve excellent insecticidal activity by introducing the potential oxadiazole fragment. Therefore, it seems that the special physicochemical properties of the oxadiazole fragment should be considered in fragment splicing-based design. Conclusion: According to the bioassay studies, the results revealed that compounds A13 and A14 which may provide useful information for further design efficient insecticides.

Effects of 5-5'-Diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) and Thyroxine on the Ultrastructure and Chemical Composition of Rat Liver

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 570-571
Author(s):  
E. A. Elfont ◽  
R. B. Tobin ◽  
D. G. Colton ◽  
M. A. Mehlman
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Future Study ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Effective Inhibitor ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Stimulation Of

Summary5,-5'-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) is an effective inhibitor of thyroxine (T4) stimulation of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in rat liver mitochondria. Because this finding indicated a possible tool for future study of the mode of action of thyroxine, the ultrastructural and biochemical effects of DPTH and/or thyroxine on rat liver mere investigated.Rats were fed either standard or DPTH (0.06%) diet for 30 days before T4 (250 ug/kg/day) was injected. Injection of T4 occurred daily for 10 days prior to sacrifice. After removal of the liver and kidneys, part of the tissue was frozen at -50°C for later biocheailcal analyses, while the rest was prefixed in buffered 3.5X glutaraldehyde (390 mOs) and post-fixed in buffered 1Z OsO4 (376 mOs). Tissues were embedded in Araldlte 502 and the sections examined in a Zeiss EM 9S.Hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats (Fig. 2) demonstrated enlarged and more numerous mitochondria than those of controls (Fig. 1). Glycogen was almost totally absent from the cytoplasm of the T4-treated rats.

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