Control of Color Formation by Ionic Species in Non-Enzymic Browning Reactions

2010 ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Rizzi
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Species ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Enzymic Browning

Ultraviolet Absorption of Refractory Elements by a Dual Laser Plasma Method

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
J.T. Costello ◽  
W.G. Lynam ◽  
P.K. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Laser Plasma ◽  
Optical Pulse ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Neutral Species ◽  
Plasma Method ◽  
Plasma Technique ◽  
Refractory Elements ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Dual Laser

AbstractThe dual laser-produced plasma technique for the study of ionic absorption spectra has been developed by the use of two Q-switched ruby lasers to enable independent generation of the absorbing and back-lighting plasmas. Optical pulse handling is used in the coupling cicuits to enable reproducible pulse delays from 250 nsec. to 10 msec, to be achieved. At delay times > 700 nsec. spectra of essentially pure neutral species are observed. The technique is valuable, not only for obtaining the neutral spectra of highly refractory and/or corrosive materials but also for studying behaviour of ionic species as a function of time. Typical spectra are shown in Fig. 1.

Effects of Electrical Discharges in Low Pressure Gases on the Morphology of Polyethylene Crystals

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 544-545
Author(s):  
L.H. Bolz ◽  
D.H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Dielectric Breakdown ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Polymer Surfaces ◽  
Electrical Discharges ◽  
Adhesive Bonds ◽  
Power Distribution Lines ◽  
Modification Of The Surface

The attack, on the surface of a polymer, by the atomic, molecular and ionic species that are created in a low pressure electrical discharge in a gas is interesting because: 1) significant interior morphological features may be revealed, 2) dielectric breakdown of polymeric insulation on high voltage power distribution lines involves the attack on the polymer of such species created in a corona discharge, 3) adhesive bonds formed between polymer surfaces subjected to such SDecies are much stronger than bonds between untreated surfaces, 4) the chemical modification of the surface creates a reactive surface to which a thin layer of another polymer may be bonded by glow discharge polymerization.

The observation of nano-voids in Au thin films

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 366-367
Author(s):  
William Krakow
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Stacking Faults ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Rare Gases ◽  
Chain Defects ◽  
Vacancy Chains ◽  
Au Thin Films

It has long been known that defects such as stacking faults and voids can be quenched from various alloyed metals heated to near their melting point. Today it is common practice to irradiate samples with various ionic species of rare gases which also form voids containing solidified phases of the same atomic species, e.g. ref. 3. Equivalently, electron irradiation has been used to produce damage events, e.g. ref. 4. Generally all of the above mentioned studies have relied on diffraction contrast to observe the defects produced down to a dimension of perhaps 10 to 20Å. Also all these studies have used ions or electrons which exceeded the damage threshold for knockon events. In the case of higher resolution studies the present author has identified vacancy and interstitial type chain defects in ion irradiated Si and was able to identify both di-interstitial and di-vacancy chains running through the foil.

Development of a Model for Color Formation and Distribution of a Coloring Component During of the Firing of Ceramics of Frame-Painted Structure

2020 ◽  
Vol 783 (8) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Stolboushkin A.Yu. ◽  
◽  
Akst D.V. ◽  
Fomina O.A. ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Formation

Studies on the storage stability of white beet sugar depending on its quality

2018 ◽  
pp. 581-589
Author(s):  
Philipp Bruhns ◽  
Timo Koch ◽  
Lothar Kroh
Keyword(s):  
Storage Stability ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Color Distribution ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Beet Sugar ◽  
Council Directive ◽  
Thick Juice ◽  
White Sugar

Storage stability of white beet sugar is an important factor determining the sugar quality. Due to color formation during storage the sugar color can exceed the quality criteria of the European council directive 2001/111/EC for white sugar. It is not possible to predict the color formation tendency of a white sugar lot at the time of its production. Also the source and the mechanism of color formation during storage are unknown. Color formation in general can be caused by several factors, which can be divided into external influences such as humidity and temperature during storage and internal causes such as contents of ash, polyphenols, mono- and oligosaccharides, and amino compounds. In this work, the effect of the above mentioned factors and the nature of the formed colorants were analyzed. Studies on the color distribution in sugar crystals were carried out and the nonsucrose compounds in the surface film were determined. The syrup film on the crystal surface contains the same compounds and in similar contents as thick juice. A correlation between the changes in the amino acid and monosaccharide content and the color formation was established, which shows that the Maillard reaction is responsible for the color development during storage of sugar.

The Effect of Metallic and Ionic Species on the Performance of a Biological Effluent Treatment System

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
B. Volesky ◽  
Q. Samak ◽  
P. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Activated Sludge Systems

Abstract Review of the available results appearing in the recent literature is presented focusing particularly upon the effects of metallic ions such as Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, V, Zn, Ni and Co. Some original data involving the effects of Na are presented and discussed. Development of parameters used in evaluating the influence of toxic or inhibitory species on the mixed microbial population of an activated sludge system is of crucial importance and different techniques employed such as BOD-COD-TOC-removal rates, Oxygen Uptake Rate, and others are discussed, showing relative inadequacy of currently applied assays. From the data available, certain trends can be discerned. There is a definite threshold concentration for each metallic ion, depending on the organic load of the feed. In the order of increasing toxicity to activated sludge systems reflected in lower BOD removals the following metals have been listed as inhibiting factors at concentrations starting from 1 ppm applied on a continuous basis: hexavalent chromium, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, trivalent chromium, copper and nickel. Metals in combination have not been reported to exhibit any significantly different effects as compared to those observed with individually introduced metallic ions. Tolerance of some activated sludge systems to shock loadings by various inorganic ions and metals is reviewed. The conclusions are of particular importance for estimating the performance of biox systems handling industrial effluents which are likely to contain toxic components of inorganic or metallic nature.

2,4-Diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-1-ium nitrate: intriguing crystal structure with high Z′/Z′′ and hydrogen bond numbers and Hirshfeld surface analysis of intermolecular interactions

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Caimac ◽  
Elena Melnic ◽  
Diana Chisca ◽  
Marina S. Fonari
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Surface Analysis ◽  
Intermolecular Interactions ◽  
Title Compound ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Hirshfeld Surface ◽  
Hirshfeld Surface Analysis ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
Space Group

The title compound crystallises in the triclinic centrosymmetric space group P1̄ with an intriguing high number of crystallographically unique binary salt-like adducts (Z′ = 8) and a total number of ionic species (Z′′ = 16) in the asymmetric unit.

scholarly journals Characterization and Action Mechanism Analysis of VvmiR156b/c/d-VvSPL9 Module Responding to Multiple-Hormone Signals in the Modulation of Grape Berry Color Formation

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 896
Author(s):  
Ziwen Su ◽  
Xicheng Wang ◽  
Xuxian Xuan ◽  
Zilu Sheng ◽  
Haoran Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Grape Berry ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Ripening Stages ◽  
Color Conversion ◽  
Hormone Signals

In recent years, more and more reports have shown that the miR156-SPL module can participate in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in plants. However, little is known about how this module responds to hormonal signals manipulating this process in grapes. In this study, exogenous GA, ABA, MeJA, and NAA were used to treat the ‘Wink’ grape berries before color conversion, anthocyanin and other related quality physiological indexes (such as sugar, aroma) were determined, and spatio-temporal expression patterns of related genes were analyzed. The results showed that the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d showed a gradually rising trend with the ripening and color formation of grape berries, and the highest expression levels were detected at day 28 after treatment, while the expression level of VvSPL9 exhibited an opposite trend as a whole, which further verifies that VvmiR156b/c/d can negatively regulate VvSPL9. Besides, VvmiR156b/c/d was positively correlated with anthocyanin content and related genes levels, while the expression pattern of VvSPL9 showed a negative correlation. Analysis of promoter cis-elements and GUS staining showed that VvmiR156b/c/d contained a large number of hormone response cis-elements (ABA, GA, SA, MeJA, and NAA) and were involved in hormone regulation. Exogenous ABA and MeJA treatments significantly upregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes in the early stage of color conversion and made grape berries quickly colored. Interestingly, GA treatment downregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes in the early color-change period, but significantly upregulated in the middle color-change and ripening stages, therefore GA mainly modulated grape berry coloring in the middle- and late-ripening stages. Furthermore, NAA treatment downregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes and delayed the peak expression of genes. Meanwhile, to further recognize the potential functions of VvmiR156b/c/d, the mature tomato transient trangenetic system was utilized in this work. Results showed that transient overexpression of VvmiR156b/c/d in tomato promoted fruit coloring and overexpression of VvSPL9 inhibited fruit coloration. Finally, a regulatory network of the VvmiR156b/c/d-VvSPL9 module responsive to hormones modulating anthocyanin synthesis was developed. In conclusion, VvmiR156b/c/d-mediated VvSPL9 participated in the formation of grape color in response to multi-hormone signals.

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