Development of a Model for Color Formation and Distribution of a Coloring Component During of the Firing of Ceramics of Frame-Painted Structure

Storage stability of white beet sugar is an important factor determining the sugar quality. Due to color formation during storage the sugar color can exceed the quality criteria of the European council directive 2001/111/EC for white sugar. It is not possible to predict the color formation tendency of a white sugar lot at the time of its production. Also the source and the mechanism of color formation during storage are unknown. Color formation in general can be caused by several factors, which can be divided into external influences such as humidity and temperature during storage and internal causes such as contents of ash, polyphenols, mono- and oligosaccharides, and amino compounds. In this work, the effect of the above mentioned factors and the nature of the formed colorants were analyzed. Studies on the color distribution in sugar crystals were carried out and the nonsucrose compounds in the surface film were determined. The syrup film on the crystal surface contains the same compounds and in similar contents as thick juice. A correlation between the changes in the amino acid and monosaccharide content and the color formation was established, which shows that the Maillard reaction is responsible for the color development during storage of sugar.

Download Full-text

Characterization and Action Mechanism Analysis of VvmiR156b/c/d-VvSPL9 Module Responding to Multiple-Hormone Signals in the Modulation of Grape Berry Color Formation

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10040896 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 896

Author(s):

Ziwen Su ◽

Xicheng Wang ◽

Xuxian Xuan ◽

Zilu Sheng ◽

Haoran Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Color Change ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Structural Genes ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Color Formation ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Ripening Stages ◽

Color Conversion ◽

Hormone Signals

In recent years, more and more reports have shown that the miR156-SPL module can participate in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in plants. However, little is known about how this module responds to hormonal signals manipulating this process in grapes. In this study, exogenous GA, ABA, MeJA, and NAA were used to treat the ‘Wink’ grape berries before color conversion, anthocyanin and other related quality physiological indexes (such as sugar, aroma) were determined, and spatio-temporal expression patterns of related genes were analyzed. The results showed that the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d showed a gradually rising trend with the ripening and color formation of grape berries, and the highest expression levels were detected at day 28 after treatment, while the expression level of VvSPL9 exhibited an opposite trend as a whole, which further verifies that VvmiR156b/c/d can negatively regulate VvSPL9. Besides, VvmiR156b/c/d was positively correlated with anthocyanin content and related genes levels, while the expression pattern of VvSPL9 showed a negative correlation. Analysis of promoter cis-elements and GUS staining showed that VvmiR156b/c/d contained a large number of hormone response cis-elements (ABA, GA, SA, MeJA, and NAA) and were involved in hormone regulation. Exogenous ABA and MeJA treatments significantly upregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes in the early stage of color conversion and made grape berries quickly colored. Interestingly, GA treatment downregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes in the early color-change period, but significantly upregulated in the middle color-change and ripening stages, therefore GA mainly modulated grape berry coloring in the middle- and late-ripening stages. Furthermore, NAA treatment downregulated the expression levels of VvmiR156b/c/d and anthocyanin structural genes and delayed the peak expression of genes. Meanwhile, to further recognize the potential functions of VvmiR156b/c/d, the mature tomato transient trangenetic system was utilized in this work. Results showed that transient overexpression of VvmiR156b/c/d in tomato promoted fruit coloring and overexpression of VvSPL9 inhibited fruit coloration. Finally, a regulatory network of the VvmiR156b/c/d-VvSPL9 module responsive to hormones modulating anthocyanin synthesis was developed. In conclusion, VvmiR156b/c/d-mediated VvSPL9 participated in the formation of grape color in response to multi-hormone signals.

Download Full-text

Transcriptome reveals genes involving in black skin color formation of ducks

Genes & Genomics ◽

10.1007/s13258-020-01026-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 173-182

Author(s):

Lei Wang ◽

Hehe Liu ◽

Bo Hu ◽

Jiwei Hu ◽

Hengyong Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Color Formation ◽

Black Skin

Download Full-text

Expression and function analysis of crustacyanin gene family involved in resistance to heavy metal stress and body color formation in Exopalaemon carinicauda

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B Molecular and Developmental Evolution ◽

10.1002/jez.b.23025 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Huan Gao ◽

Hangke Ma ◽

Jinqiu Sun ◽

Wanyuan Xu ◽

Wei Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Gene Family ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Heavy Metal Stress ◽

Metal Stress ◽

Exopalaemon Carinicauda ◽

Body Color ◽

Color Formation ◽

And Function

Download Full-text

De novo transcriptome sequencing and anthocyanin metabolite analysis reveals leaf color of Acer pseudosieboldianum in autumn

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-021-07715-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yu-Fu Gao ◽

Dong-Hui Zhao ◽

Jia-Qi Zhang ◽

Jia-Shuo Chen ◽

Jia-Lin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

De Novo ◽

Regulatory Genes ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Leaf Color ◽

Metabolite Analysis ◽

Color Formation ◽

Content Change ◽

Final Color

Abstract Background Leaf color is an important ornamental trait of colored-leaf plants. The change of leaf color is closely related to the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves. Acer pseudosieboldianum is a colored-leaf tree native to Northeastern China, however, there was less knowledge in Acer about anthocyanins biosynthesis and many steps of the pathway remain unknown to date. Results Anthocyanins metabolite and transcript profiling were conducted using HPLC and ESI-MS/MS system and high-throughput RNA sequencing respectively. The results demonstrated that five anthocyanins were detected in this experiment. It is worth mentioning that Peonidin O-hexoside and Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside were abundant, especially Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside displayed significant differences in content change at two periods, meaning it may be play an important role for the final color. Transcriptome identification showed that a total of 67.47 Gb of clean data were obtained from our sequencing results. Functional annotation of unigenes, including comparison with COG and GO databases, yielded 35,316 unigene annotations. 16,521 differentially expressed genes were identified from a statistical analysis of differentially gene expression. The genes related to leaf color formation including PAL, ANS, DFR, F3H were selected. Also, we screened out the regulatory genes such as MYB, bHLH and WD40. Combined with the detection of metabolites, the gene pathways related to anthocyanin synthesis were analyzed. Conclusions Cyanidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside played an important role for the final color. The genes related to leaf color formation including PAL, ANS, DFR, F3H and regulatory genes such as MYB, bHLH and WD40 were selected. This study enriched the available transcriptome information for A. pseudosieboldianum and identified a series of differentially expressed genes related to leaf color, which provides valuable information for further study on the genetic mechanism of leaf color expression in A. pseudosieboldianum.

Download Full-text

Comprehensive Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Reveals the Flavonoid Metabolic Pathway Is Associated with Fruit Peel Coloration of Melon

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092830 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2830

Author(s):

Aiai Zhang ◽

Jing Zheng ◽

Xuemiao Chen ◽

Xueyin Shi ◽

Huaisong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Comprehensive Analysis ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Fruit Peel ◽

External Quality ◽

Color Formation ◽

Peel Color ◽

Dark Green

The peel color is an important external quality of melon fruit. To explore the mechanisms of melon peel color formation, we performed an integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome with three different fruit peel samples (grey-green ‘W’, dark-green ‘B’, and yellow ‘H’). A total of 40 differentially expressed flavonoids were identified. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis was associated with the fruit peel coloration of melon. Twelve differentially expressed genes regulated flavonoids synthesis. Among them, nine (two 4CL, F3H, three F3′H, IFS, FNS, and FLS) up-regulated genes were involved in the accumulation of flavones, flavanones, flavonols, and isoflavones, and three (2 ANS and UFGT) down-regulated genes were involved in the accumulation of anthocyanins. This study laid a foundation to understand the molecular mechanisms of melon peel coloration by exploring valuable genes and metabolites.

Download Full-text

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Associated with Purple Color Formation in Dendrobium Nestor

Life ◽

10.3390/life11020113 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Xueqiang Cui ◽

Jieling Deng ◽

Changyan Huang ◽

Xuan Tang ◽

Xianmin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Transcriptome Profiling ◽

Flower Color ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Color Formation ◽

Color Development ◽

Purple Coloration ◽

Purple Color

Dendrobium nestor is a famous orchid species in the Orchidaceae family. There is a diversity of flower colorations in the Dendrobium species, but knowledge of the genes involved and molecular mechanism underlying the flower color formation in D. nestor is less studied. Therefore, we performed transcriptome profiling using Illumina sequencing to facilitate thorough studies of the purple color formation in petal samples collected at three developmental stages, namely—flower bud stage (F), half bloom stage (H), and full bloom stage (B) in D. nestor. In addition, we identified key genes and their biosynthetic pathways as well as the transcription factors (TFs) associated with purple flower color formation. We found that the phenylpropanoid–flavonoid–anthocyanin biosynthesis genes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase, and UDP-flavonoid glucosyl transferase, were largely up-regulated in the H and B samples as compared to the F samples. This upregulation might partly account for the accumulation of anthocyanins, which confer the purple coloration in these samples. We further identified several differentially expressed genes related to phytohormones such as auxin, ethylene, cytokinins, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid, as well as TFs such as MYB and bHLH, which might play important roles in color formation in D. nestor flower. Sturdy upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes might be a potential regulatory mechanism in purple color formation in D. nestor flowers. Several TFs were predicted to regulate the anthocyanin genes through a K-mean clustering analysis. Our study provides valuable resource for future studies to expand our understanding of flower color development mechanisms in D. nestor.

Download Full-text

Aluminon: its limited application as a reagent for the detection of aluminum species.

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry ◽

10.1177/33.7.3891845 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 729-732 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R A Clark ◽

G L Krueger

Keyword(s):

Tricarboxylic Acid ◽

Histochemical Staining ◽

Spectrophotometric Analysis ◽

Colorimetric Determination ◽

Pertinent Literature ◽

Color Formation ◽

Color Development ◽

Inorganic Species ◽

Limited Application

The triammonium salt of aurin tricarboxylic acid, commonly referred to as aluminon, forms a dye that has been used for the colorimetric determination of Al(III) species. We have reviewed the pertinent literature on the reaction of aluminon with respect to the metallic species that form colored aluminon complexes. The effects of experimental variables, such as time, temperature, and pH, upon the color development of the aluminon complex are also presented. Organic and inorganic species, particularly Be(II) and Fe(III), which can affect color formation, are described. The use of aluminon as a histochemical staining agent for the detection of aluminum requires verification by atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis or other quantitative techniques.

Download Full-text