The effectiveness of Mg as a promoter of Co-Ru/γ-Al
2
O
3
Fischer–Tropsch catalysts depends on how and when the Mg is added. When the Mg is impregnated into the support before the Co and Ru addition, some Mg is incorporated into the support in the form of Mg
x
Al
2
O
3+
x
if the material is calcined at 550°C or 800°C after the impregnation, while the remainder is present as amorphous MgO/MgCO
3
phases. After subsequent Co-Ru impregnation Mg
x
Co
3−
x
O
4
is formed which decomposes on reduction, leading to Co(0) particles intimately mixed with Mg, as shown by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The process of impregnating Co into an Mg-modified support results in dissolution of the amorphous Mg, and it is this Mg which is then incorporated into Mg
x
Co
3−
x
O
4
. Acid washing or higher temperature calcination after Mg impregnation can remove most of this amorphous Mg, resulting in lower values of
x
in Mg
x
Co
3−
x
O
4
. Catalytic testing of these materials reveals that Mg incorporation into the Co oxide phase is severely detrimental to the site-time yield, while Mg incorporation into the support may provide some enhancement of activity at high temperature.
Experimental observation of carousel-like phason flips in the decagonal quasicrystal Al60Cr20Fe10Si10
