Investigating the Structure of α/β Carbohydrate Linkage Isomers as a Function of Group I Metal Adduction and Degree of Polymerization as Revealed by Cyclic Ion Mobility Separations

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 2573-2582
Author(s):  
David L. Williamson ◽  
Addison E. Bergman ◽  
Gabe Nagy

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Bandish Parekh ◽  
Sucheta Sathe

ABSTRACT Dental chair lights have been known to rapidly polymerize lightcured composites beyond the point of workability. Often in our dental clinics we are advised to switch off the dental chair light while light curing of dental composites. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the dental chair light causes any effect on the degree of polymerization of light cured composites using the quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) and the light emitting diode (LED) light curing units (LCUs). Filtek Z350 composite samples of 2 × 5 mm were prepared in an acrylic mold. Four groups were made having 20 samples each. In group I and II light curing was done using QTH LCU with and without the dental chair light respectively. Similarly in group III and IV LED LCU was used. Microhardness was measured and compared using Knoop's hardness Test. Data was submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results showed that the average microhardness was significantly higher in group 4 (LED light curing with dental chair light on). Thus, it was concluded that the dental chair light can be left on while using QTH and LED LCU's during light curing of composite material. How to cite this article Parekh B, Sathe S, Hegde V. Analysis of the Effect of Dental Chair Light on the Knoop Hardness of Composite Resin While Light Curing with QTH and LED Light Units. World J Dent 2012;3(2):156-160.





Measurements of electric conductance as a function of temperature have been made for the pure liquids: MgCl 2 , MgBr 2 , Mgl 2 , CaCl 2 , CaBr 2 , Cal 2 , SrCl 2 , SrBr 2 , Srl 2 , BaCl 2 , BaBr 2 , Bal 2 , ZnCl 2 , ZnBr 2 , Znl 2 , CdCl 2 , CdBr 2 , Cdl 2 , HgCl 2 , HgBr 2 , and Hgl 2 , from the melting-point to a maximum temperature of 1100°C, and with an accuracy of 0.2 to 0.3%. Novel preparations have resulted in liquids free from oxy-halides. The energy of activation (∆ H 0↕ expt. ) for conductance is constant with temperature for the halides of group II A, except for that of beryllium chloride, and for certain cadmium and mercuric halides. For beryllium chloride and zinc halides, it varies markedly with temperature. For group II A halides, ∆ H 0↕ expt. increases with r cation , but depends little on r anion . A small increase in equivalent conductance (A) for this group at corresponding temperatures occurs with increase of r cation . It decreases with increase of r anion . For group II B halides, significant trends with r ion are absent. A cell model is not consistent with the magnitudes of ∆ H 0↕ expt . An expression for A is developed on the basis of a hole model. It yields concordance with data for group I A halides on the assumption of a model: M + + X - ⇌ holes. An analogous model for group II liquids is highly discrepant with the data reported. Reasonable agreement of this with a model: M X + + X - ⇌ holes is achieved for group II A halides, except beryllium chloride. Comparison of activation energies for viscous flow and conductance, and transport number data, supports the latter model. The behaviour of beryllium chloride is consistent with a model: (BeCl 2 ) n ⇌ ions ⇌ holes, the equilibrium being to the left at low temperatures. For the molten cadmium halides the results are substantially consistent with the model suggested for group II A halides, with an indication of a small degree of polymerization. Molten zinc halides resemble beryllium chloride in structural type. The conductance of mercuric chloride and bromide is consistent with a model: (Hg X 2 ) ⇌ ions ⇌ holes, the equilibrium being to the left at all measured temperatures.





2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasiana Tatian ◽  
Moch. Richata Fadil ◽  
Milly Armilia

Polimerizatian is the critical stage to determine the quality of composites resin, this involves isolated monomer carbon double bonds being converted to an extended network of single bonds. Physical and mechanical properties of composites are influenced by the level of conversion attained during polymerization. An adequate light intensity and light curing time are important to obtain the degree of polymerization. The objective of this study is to evaluate the difference of the hardness nanocomposites which activated by LED LCU based on the variation of curing times. This study is a true experimental research. The samples were made from nanocomposites material with cylinder form of 4 mm in depth, 6 mm in diameter. This samples divided into 3 groups of curing times. Group, I was cured for 20's curing time as a control due to manufactory recommended; Group II was cured for 30's, and Group III was cured for 40's and the hardness (Rebound hardness tester) was determined using Rebound scale (RS) and converted by Mohs scale (MS). There was a very significant level of hardness rate from each group using ANOVA test. The result of the study concludes that there were the differences on the nanocomposites hardness level cured under different curing times 20, 30 and 40 sec. The longer of curing times, the higher level of hardness.



2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai P. Law ◽  
Wei He ◽  
Jianchang Tao ◽  
Chuanlun Zhang

Marine Thaumarchaeota (formerly known as the marine group I archaea) have received much research interest in recent years since these chemolithoautotrophic organisms are abundant in the subsurface ocean and oxidize ammonium to nitrite, which makes them a major contributor to the marine carbon and nitrogen cycles. However, few studies have investigated the chemical composition of their exometabolome and their contributions to the pool of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in seawater. This study exploits the recent advances in ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and integrates this instrumental capability with bioinformatics to reassess the exometabolome of a model ammonia-oxidizing archaeon, Nitrosopumilus maritimus strain SCM1. Our method has several advantages over the conventional approach using an Orbitrap or ion cyclotron resonance mass analyzer and allows assignments or annotations of spectral features to known metabolites confidently and indiscriminately, as well as distinction of biological molecules from background organics. Consistent with the results of a previous report, the SPE-extracted exometabolome of N. maritimus is dominated by biologically active nitrogen-containing metabolites, in addition to peptides secreted extracellularly. Cobalamin and associated intermediates, including α-ribazole and α-ribazole 5′-phosphate, are major components of the SPE-extracted exometabolome of N. maritimus. This supports the proposition that Thaumarchaeota have the capacity of de novo biosynthesizing cobalamin. Other biologically significant metabolites, such as agmatidine and medicagenate, predicted by genome screening are also detected, which indicates that Thaumarchaeota have remarkable metabolic potentials, underlining their importance in driving elemental cycles critical to biological processes in the ocean.



Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Duez ◽  
Romain Liénard ◽  
Sébastien Moins ◽  
Vincent Lemaur ◽  
Olivier Coulembier ◽  
...  

Several families of polymers possessing various end-groups are characterized by ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMMS). A significant contribution of the end-groups to the ion collision cross section (CCS) is observed, although their role is neglected in current fitting models described in literature. Comparing polymers prepared from different synthetic procedures might thus, be misleading with the current theoretical treatments. We show that this issue is alleviated by comparing the CCS of various polymer ions (polyesters and polyethers) as a function of the number of atoms in the macroion instead of the usual representation involving the degree of polymerization. Finally, we extract the atom number density from the spectra which gives us the possibility to evaluate the compaction of polymer ions, and by extension to discern isomeric polymers.



2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (23) ◽  
pp. 4381-4384 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hinneburg ◽  
J. Hofmann ◽  
W. B. Struwe ◽  
A. Thader ◽  
F. Altmann ◽  
...  

Differentiating the structure of isobaric glycopeptides represents a major challenge for mass spectrometry-based characterisation techniques.



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