Phase, Morphology, and Hygroscopicity of Mixed Oleic Acid/Sodium Chloride/Water Aerosol Particles before and after Ozonolysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 (24) ◽  
pp. 6159-6168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Dennis-Smither ◽  
Kate L. Hanford ◽  
Nana-Owusua A. Kwamena ◽  
Rachael E. H. Miles ◽  
Jonathan P. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Phase Morphology ◽  
Water Aerosol ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chloride Water

scholarly journals Oxidative aging of mixed oleic acid/sodium chloride aerosol particles

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (D20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Dennis-Smither ◽  
Rachael E. H. Miles ◽  
Jonathan P. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Oxidative Aging

scholarly journals Calibration of LACIS as a CCN detector and its use in measuring activation and hygroscopic growth of atmospheric aerosol particles

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4519-4527 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Wex ◽  
A. Kiselev ◽  
M. Ziese ◽  
F. Stratmann
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Wall Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Urban Aerosol ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosol Particles ◽  
Droplet Activation

Abstract. A calibration for LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator) for its use as a CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) detector has been developed. For this purpose, sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles of known sizes were generated and their grown sizes were detected at the LACIS outlet. From these signals, the effective critical super-saturation was derived as a function of the LACIS wall temperature. With this, LACIS is calibrated for its use as a CCN detector. The applicability of LACIS for measurements of the droplet activation, and also of the hygroscopic growth of atmospheric aerosol particles was tested. The activation of the urban aerosol particles used in the measurements was found to occur at a critical super-saturation of 0.46% for particles with a dry diameter of 75 nm, and at 0.42% for 85 nm, respectively. Hygroscopic growth was measured for atmospheric aerosol particles with dry diameters of 150, 300 and 350 nm at relative humidities of 98 and 99%, and it was found that the larger dry particles contained a larger soluble volume fraction of about 0.85, compared to about 0.6 for the 150 nm particles.

scholarly journals A novel tandem differential mobility analyzer with organic vapor treatment of aerosol particles

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Joutsensaari ◽  
P. Vaattovaara ◽  
M. Vesterinen ◽  
K. Hämeri ◽  
A. Laaksonen
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Adipic Acid ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Differential Mobility Analyzer ◽  
Differential Mobility ◽  
Organic Vapor

Abstract. A novel method to characterize the organic composition of aerosol particles has been developed. The method is based on organic vapor interaction with aerosol particles and it has been named an Organic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (OTDMA). The OTDMA method has been tested for inorganic (sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate) and organic (citric acid and adipic acid) particles. Growth curves of the particles have been measured in ethanol vapor and as a comparison in water vapor as a function of saturation ratio. Measurements in water vapor show that sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate as well as citric acid particles grow at water saturation ratios (S) of 0.8 and above, whereas adipic acid particles do not grow at S <  0.96. For sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles, a deliquescence point is observed at S = 0.75 and S = 0.79, respectively. Citric acid particles grow monotonously with increasing saturation ratios already at low saturation ratios and no clear deliquescence point is found. For sodium chloride and ammonium sulfate particles, no growth can be seen in ethanol vapor at saturation ratios below 0.93. In contrast, for adipic acid particles, the deliquescence takes place at around S = 0.95 in the ethanol vapor. The recrystallization of adipic acid takes place at S < 0.4. Citric acid particles grow in ethanol vapor similarly as in water vapor; the particles grow monotonously with increasing saturation ratios and no stepwise deliquescence is observed. The results show that the working principles of the OTDMA are operational for single-component aerosols. Furthermore, the results indicate that the OTDMA method may prove useful in determining whether aerosol particles contain organic substances, especially if the OTDMA is operated in parallel with a hygroscopicity TDMA, as the growth of many substances is different in ethanol and water vapors.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Efficacy of Synthetic and Natural-Derived Novel Endodontic Irrigant Solutions

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Tais Soligo ◽  
Ediléia Lodi ◽  
Ana Paula Farina ◽  
Matheus Albino Souza ◽  
Cristina de Mattos Pimenta Vidal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bacterial Reduction ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE), calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2], and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant solutions with rotary or reciprocating instrumentation for disinfection of root canals inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis. The mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars were prepared and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days. The roots were then randomly divided into the following eight experimental groups (n=11) according to the instrumentation technique and disinfection protocol: ProTaper Next or Reciproc R25 with sodium chloride (control group), 6% NaOCl, 6% Ca(ClO)2, or 50% GSE used for irrigation during instrumentation. The antimicrobial activity was determined on the basis of a reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) counted on bacterial samples collected before and after root canal instrumentation and expressed as a percentage of reduction. Data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in bacterial reduction between the ProTaper Next and Reciproc R25 systems (p>0.05), regardless of the irrigant solution used. Furthermore, all active solutions (6% NaOCl, 50% GSE, and 6% Ca(ClO)2) showed similar potential to reduce bacterial counts (p>0.05) and were significantly more effective than sodium chloride (control) (p<0.05). The results suggest that the GSE and Ca(ClO)2 have potential clinical application as irrigant solutions in endodontic therapy since they present bactericidal efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis.

Evidence against local neural mechanism for intestinal postprandial hyperemia

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (3) ◽  
pp. H437-H446 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Nyhof ◽  
C. C. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Vasoactive Substances ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
Postprandial Hyperemia

The role of local intestinal nerves in the nutrient-induced intestinal hyperemia was investigated in jejunal segments of anesthetized dogs by comparing the hyperemic effect of intraluminal glucose and oleic acid solutions before and after mucosal anesthesia and infusions of methysergide, hexamethonium, and tetrodotoxin. Methysergide, hexamethonium, and tetrodotoxin all failed to alter either the vascular or metabolic responses to luminal placement of glucose or oleic acid. The increases in blood flow and oxygen uptake produced by glucose or oleic acid, however, were blocked or attenuated after exposing the mucosa to dibucaine. The effect was norepinephrine due to an altered vascular response to vasoactive substances as dibucaine did not alter vascular responses to isoproterenol or norepinephrine. Dibucaine, however, inhibited active transport and increased passive transport of glucose across rat intestinal sacs in vitro. Oxygen consumption of the canine jejunal mucosa was also inhibited by dibucaine in vitro. It seems that inhibition of the nutrient-induced intestinal hyperemia by dibucaine is due, at least in part, to its effect on oxygen consumption and glucose transport of the mucosal epithelial cells. Nutrient-induced hyperemia appears not to be neurally mediated but more closely related to metabolism.

Lung and chest wall impedances in the dog in normal range of breathing: effects of pulmonary edema

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1040-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Barnas ◽  
D. Stamenovic ◽  
K. R. Lutchen
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Mean Airway Pressure ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Measured Resistance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Severe Pulmonary Edema

We evaluated the effect of pulmonary edema on the frequency (f) and tidal volume (VT) dependences of respiratory system mechanical properties in the normal ranges of breathing. We measured resistance and elastance of the lungs (RL and EL) and chest wall of four anesthetized-paralyzed dogs during sinusoidal volume oscillations at the trachea (50–300 ml, 0.2–2 Hz), delivered at a constant mean airway pressure. Measurements were made before and after severe pulmonary edema was produced by injection of 0.06 ml/kg oleic acid into the right atrium. Chest wall properties were not changed by the injection. Before oleic acid, EL increased slightly with increasing f in each dog but was independent of VT. RL decreased slightly and was independent of VT from 0.2 to 0.4 Hz, but above 0.4 Hz it tended to increase with increasing flow, presumably due to the airway contribution. After oleic acid injection, EL and RL increased greatly. Large negative dependences of EL on VT and of RL on f were also evident, so that EL and RL after oleic acid changed two- and fivefold, respectively, within the ranges of f and VT studied. We conclude that severe pulmonary edema changes lung properties so as to make behavior VT dependent (i.e., nonlinear) and very frequency dependent in the normal range of breathing.

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