Dietary Intakes and Blood Concentrations of Antioxidant Vitamins in German Vegans

2005 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Waldmann ◽  
Jochen W. Koschizke ◽  
Claus Leitzmann ◽  
Andreas Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Β Carotene

We report on an evaluation of intake and blood concentrations of antioxidant vitamins in a cross-sectional study of 104 German vegans, and examine the association between blood concentration of antioxidant vitamins and their intake as well as fruit and vegetable intake. Comparisons are made with dietary reference intakes and established threshold values (ETV) for blood concentrations. Mean intakes of vitamin C, E, and β-carotene were higher than actual recommendations, but comparable to reported intakes in other vegan cohorts. Mean blood concentrations were 0.76 μmol/L for β-carotene and 117 μmol/L for vitamin C, so that nearly all participants showed concentrations that were above the ETV for the prevention of chronic diseases. Although mean vitamin E intake was 24.8 mg/day, only 32% of female and 18% of male participants showed plasma concentrations above the ETV. However, the mean vitamin E/cholesterol ratio was high (5.97), indicating a good protection of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against peroxidation. Of the reported antioxidant vitamins, only plasma vitamin C concentration was a good biomarker of fruit and vegetable intake. The high concentration of antioxidative compounds in plasma may be one of the reasons for the lower incidence of chronic diseases in people consuming a plant-only diet.

scholarly journals Changes in vitamin biomarkers during a 2-year intervention trial involving increased fruit and vegetable consumption by free-living volunteers

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 1477-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Macdonald ◽  
Antonia C. Hardcastle ◽  
Garry G. Duthie ◽  
Susan J. Duthie ◽  
Lorna Aucott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Β Carotene

Trials in free-living populations involving increased consumption of fruit and vegetables are difficult to monitor. We evaluated biomarkers for assessing fruit and vegetable intake and compliance in a 2-year trial. Postmenopausal women were randomised to 300 g additional fruit and vegetables per d (n 66), placebo (n 70) or potassium citrate (n 140). They completed dietary checklists (3-monthly) and food diaries or FFQ (yearly). We measured whole-blood folate, plasma vitamin C and homocysteine (yearly), serum vitamin E and carotenoids (at 12 months) and urinary vitamin K metabolites (yearly). Plasma vitamin C was associated with fruit and vegetable intake at baseline (r +0·31; P < 0·01), remaining significant only for the non-fruit and vegetable group at 12 months (r +0·43; P < 0·01). For the fruit and vegetable group, vitamin C increased by 5·9 μmol/l (P = 0·07) but was not significantly associated with fruit and vegetable intake; vitamin E, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were higher compared with the non-fruit and vegetable group (P < 0·05); and whole-blood folate and the urinary 5C-aglycone metabolite of vitamin K were associated with vegetable intake. For all participants plasma vitamin C increased with increasing fruit and vegetable intakes, reaching a plateau of 90–95 μmol/l at intakes>500 g/d, whereas whole-blood folate, β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin continued to increase. Concentrations of vitamin C, folate and β-cryptoxanthin were lower and the 7C-aglycone metabolite of vitamin K higher, in smokers compared with non-smokers. Suitable markers for monitoring fruit and vegetable compliance include β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Plasma vitamin C and whole-blood folate may be suitable for monitoring intakes in populations but for monitoring compliance the former may be restricted to low intakes of fruit and vegetables and the latter to vegetable intake.

scholarly journals Biochemical Validation of a Self-Administered Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Diet Using Carotenoids and Vitamins E and D in Male Adolescents in Spain

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Leyre Notario-Barandiaran ◽  
Eva-María Navarrete-Muñoz ◽  
Desirée Valera-Gran ◽  
Elena Hernández-Álvarez ◽  
Encarnación Donoso-Navarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Β Carotene

Reliable tools to evaluate diet are needed, particularly in life periods such as adolescence in which a rapid rate of growth and development occurs. We assessed the biochemical validity of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in a sample of Spanish male adolescents using carotenoids and vitamin E and D data. We analyzed data from 122 male adolescents aged 15–17 years of the INMA-Granada birth cohort study. Adolescents answered a 104-item FFQ and provided a non-fasting blood sample. Mean daily nutrient intakes and serum concentration were estimated for main carotenoids (lutein-zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene and β-carotene), vitamins E and D and also for fruit and vegetable intake. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and the percentage of agreement (same or adjacent quintiles) between serum vitamin concentrations and energy-adjusted intakes were estimated. Statistically significant correlation coefficients were observed for the total carotenoids (r = 0.40) and specific carotenoids, with the highest correlation observed for lutein–zeaxanthin (r = 0.42) and the lowest for β-carotene (0.23). The correlation coefficient between fruit and vegetable intake and serum carotenoids was 0.29 (higher for vegetable intake, r = 0.33 than for fruit intake, r = 0.19). Low correlations were observed for vitamin E and D. The average percentage of agreement for carotenoids was 55.8%, and lower for vitamin E and D (50% and 41%, respectively). The FFQ may be an acceptable tool for dietary assessment among male adolescents in Spain.

scholarly journals Association of plasma biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake with incident type 2 diabetes: EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study in eight European countries

BMJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. m2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju-Sheng Zheng ◽  
Stephen J Sharp ◽  
Fumiaki Imamura ◽  
Rajiv Chowdhury ◽  
Thomas E Gundersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Incident Type ◽  
Incident Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract Objective To investigate the association of plasma vitamin C and carotenoids, as indicators of fruit and vegetable intake, with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Design Prospective case-cohort study. Setting Populations from eight European countries. Participants 9754 participants with incident type 2 diabetes, and a subcohort of 13 662 individuals from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort of 340 234 participants: EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study. Main outcome measure Incident type 2 diabetes. Results In a multivariable adjusted model, higher plasma vitamin C was associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio per standard deviation 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.76 to 0.89). A similar inverse association was shown for total carotenoids (hazard ratio per standard deviation 0.75, 0.68 to 0.82). A composite biomarker score (split into five equal groups), comprising vitamin C and individual carotenoids, was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes with hazard ratios 0.77, 0.66, 0.59, and 0.50 for groups 2-5 compared with group 1 (the lowest group). Self-reported median fruit and vegetable intake was 274 g/day, 396 g/day, and 508 g/day for participants in categories defined by groups 1, 3, and 5 of the composite biomarker score, respectively. One standard deviation difference in the composite biomarker score, equivalent to a 66 (95% confidence interval 61 to 71) g/day difference in total fruit and vegetable intake, was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.75 (0.67 to 0.83). This would be equivalent to an absolute risk reduction of 0.95 per 1000 person years of follow up if achieved across an entire population with the characteristics of the eight European countries included in this analysis. Conclusions These findings indicate an inverse association between plasma vitamin C, carotenoids, and their composite biomarker score, and incident type 2 diabetes in different European countries. These biomarkers are objective indicators of fruit and vegetable consumption, and suggest that diets rich in even modestly higher fruit and vegetable consumption could help to prevent development of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Comparative validity of vitamin C and carotenoids as indicators of fruit and vegetable intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (9) ◽  
pp. 1331-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Pennant ◽  
Marinka Steur ◽  
Carmel Moore ◽  
Adam Butterworth ◽  
Laura Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Fruit And Vegetables ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Evidence Quality

AbstractCirculating vitamin C and carotenoids are used as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake in research, but their comparative validity has never been meta-analysed. PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, CINAHL and Web of Science were systematically searched up to December 2013 for randomised trials of different amounts of fruit and vegetable provision on changes in blood concentrations of carotenoids or vitamin C. Reporting followed PRISMA guidelines. Evidence quality was assessed using the GRADE system. Random effects meta-analysis combined estimates and meta-regression tested for sub-group differences. In all, nineteen fruit and vegetable trials (n1382) measured at least one biomarker, of which nine (n667) included five common carotenoids and vitamin C. Evidence quality was low and between-trial heterogeneity (I2) ranged from 74 % for vitamin C to 94 % forα-carotene. Groups provided with more fruit and vegetables had increased blood concentrations of vitamin C,α-carotene,β-carotene,β-cryptoxanthin and lutein but not lycopene. However, no clear dose–response effect was observed. Vitamin C showed the largest between-group difference in standardised mean change from the pre-intervention to the post-intervention period (smd0·94; 95 % CI 0·66, 1·22), followed by lutein (smd0·70; 95 % CI 0·37, 1·03) andα-carotene (smd0·63; 95 % CI 0·25, 1·01), but all CI were overlapping, suggesting that none of the biomarkers responded more than the others. Therefore, until further evidence identifies a particular biomarker to be superior, group-level compliance to fruit and vegetable interventions can be indicated equally well by vitamin C or a range of carotenoids. High heterogeneity and a lack of dose–response suggest that individual-level biomarker responses to fruit and vegetables are highly variable.

scholarly journals South Asian individuals at high risk of type 2 diabetes have lower plasma vitamin C levels than white Europeans

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Carter ◽  
Laura J. Gray ◽  
Danielle H. Morris ◽  
Melanie J. Davies ◽  
Kamlesh Khunti
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable Intake ◽  
Plasma Vitamin ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
The South

AbstractIndividuals of South Asian origin are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes; the relationship between this risk and diet remains to be investigated fully. Furthermore, fruit and vegetable intake remains low throughout the world and previous data suggest that intake is associated with risk of diabetes. The aim of this research study was to compare plasma vitamin C concentrations, measured as a biomarker for fruit and vegetable intake, in South Asian and white European individuals. Participants recruited as part of the Let's Prevent Diabetes Study provided samples for the quantification of plasma vitamin C. We compared vitamin C levels by ethnicity using multiple regression, both unadjusted and adjusted for confounders, including glycaemic status. Mean plasma vitamin C was significantly lower in the South Asian participants compared with white European participants (34.5 (sd 19·8) v. 39·9 (sd 22·1) µmol/l, respectively; P ≤ 0·0001). Significantly fewer South Asian individuals consumed five portions of fruit and vegetables per d, as determined by a plasma vitamin C concentration of ≥ 50 µmol/l (23·2 % (n 58) v. 31·4 % (n 558); P = 0·01). Vitamin C reflects habitual fruit and vegetable consumption; thus results suggest that South Asians have lower fruit and vegetable intake. However, it cannot be excluded that vitamin C is utilised differently. Dietary advice specifically targeting the South Asian population should be developed.

Production of antioxidant vitamins, β-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, by two-step culture ofEuglena gracilis Z

1997 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruko Takeyama ◽  
Akihisa Kanamaru ◽  
Yuko Yoshino ◽  
Hiroyuki Kakuta ◽  
Yoshiya Kawamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Antioxidant Vitamins ◽  
Β Carotene
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