scholarly journals The Effects of Processing Speed and Memory Span on Working Memory

GeroPsych ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Mitsunobu Kunimi ◽  
Haruyuki Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Presentation Modality ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
With Memory

This study examined the processing speed and memory span of young adults and older people using tasks based on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III, Wechsler, 1997 ). By comparing the data obtained from these tasks, we examined the effects of processing speed and memory span on working memory (WM). In addition, this study examined how presentation modality and the subject’s age are related to WM. Multiple regression analysis of the effect of memory span for each presentation modality used processing time as a factor to predict the WM span of various age groups. The result was two equations for predicting WM span. According to these equations, WM is negatively correlated with “age group” and “processing time,” and positively correlated with “memory span.” Memory span and processing speed were found to have similar impacts on WM, regardless of the presentation modality. However, our results suggested that visual WM and auditory WM are different functions, and that auditory WM is more strongly affected by memory span than visual WM.

scholarly journals Preliminary comparative study of cortical thickness in HIV-infected patients with and without working memory deficit

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261208
Author(s):  
Rafael Ferracini Cabral ◽  
Diogo Goulart Corrêa ◽  
Nicolle Zimmermann ◽  
Gustavo Tukamoto ◽  
Tadeu Takao Almodovar Kubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Cluster 2

Purpose Changes in cerebral cortical regions occur in HIV-infected patients, even in those with mild neurocognitive disorders. Working memory / attention is one of the most affected cognitive domain in these patients, worsening their quality of life. Our objective was to assess whether cortical thickness differs between HIV-infected patients with and without working memory deficit. Methods Forty-one adult HIV-infected patients with and without working memory deficit were imaged on a 1.5 T scanner. Working memory deficit was classified by composite Z scores for performance on the Digits and Letter-Number Sequencing subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (third edition; WAIS-III). Cortical thickness was determined using FreeSurfer software. Differences in mean cortical thickness between groups, corrected for multiple comparisons using Monte-Carlo simulation, were examined using the query design estimate contrast tool of the FreeSurfer software. Results Greater cortical thickness in left pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, and rostral and caudal portions of the left middle frontal gyrus (cluster 1; p = .004), and left superior frontal gyrus (cluster 2; p = .004) was observed in HIV-infected patients with working memory deficit compared with those without such deficit. Negative correlations were found between WAIS-III–based Z scores and cortical thickness in the two clusters (cluster 1: ρ = –0.59; cluster 2: ρ = –0.47). Conclusion HIV-infected patients with working memory deficit have regions of greater thickness in the left frontal cortices compared with those without such deficit, which may reflect increased synaptic contacts and/or an inflammatory response related to the damage caused by HIV infection.

scholarly journals Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Response Selection Predicts Processing Speed Impairment in Schizophrenia

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 782-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil D. Woodward ◽  
Brittney Duffy ◽  
Haleh Karbasforoushan
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractProcessing speed is the most impaired neuropsychological domain in schizophrenia and a robust predictor of functional outcome. Determining the specific cognitive operations underlying processing speed dysfunction and identifying their neural correlates may assist in developing pro-cognitive interventions. Response selection, the process of mapping stimuli onto motor responses, correlates with neuropsychological tests of processing speed and may contribute to processing speed impairment in schizophrenia. This study investigated the relationship between behavioral and neural measures of response selection, and a neuropsychological index of processing speed in schizophrenia. Twenty-six patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning during performance of two- and four-choice reaction time (RT) tasks and completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS) Processing Speed Index (PSI). Response selection, defined as RT slowing between two- and four-choice RT, was impaired in schizophrenia and correlated with psychometric processing speed. Greater activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) was observed in schizophrenia and correlated with poorer WAIS PSI scores. Deficient response selection and abnormal recruitment of the dorsolateral PFC during response selection contribute to processing speed impairment in schizophrenia. Interventions that improve response selection and normalize dorsolateral PFC function may improve processing speed in schizophrenia. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–10)

Common Short Forms of the Spanish Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1121-1122
Author(s):  
Yvonne I. Demsky ◽  
Carlton S. Gass ◽  
Charles J. Golden
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Adult Intelligence ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Picture Arrangement ◽  
Test Version ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Although the Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler (EIWA) has remained the only standard Spanish version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and is consequently the most often-used intelligence test with Spanish-speaking clients, little information exists on the psychometric properties of the test beyond the information in the test manual (Wechsler, 1968). There is no information on the validity or reliability of commonly used short forms of the test, the two-test version using Block Design and Vocabulary, and the four-test version using Block Design, Vocabulary, Arithmetic, and Picture Arrangement. Using the statistical data in the test manual, the two-test version yielded reliabilities of .94 to .95 across the three standardization age groups and validity ratings of .92 to .93. Values for the four-test version were slightly higher, and all were comparable to those for the WAIS and WAIS–R. The results suggest that the short forms can be used with the same confidence with the Spanish WAIS as on the WAIS.

Comparison of the WAIS and WAIS-R at Different Ages in a Clinical Population

1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 951-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan L. Rogers ◽  
David Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Performances on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the WAIS-Revised (WAIS-R) were compared between groups at different ages. We studied 176 subjects (primarily outpatients) who were referred for assessment of cognitive function. Although all age groups tended to obtain lower scores on the WAIS-R, older subjects were penalized more on Performance and Full Scale IQs when the revised form was used. However, interactions suggest that differences in the scores on the WAIS and WAIS-R in a clinical population may reflect an interaction among age, presenting complaint, and other factors.

scholarly journals Improvement of Working Memory and Processing Speed in Patients over 70 with Bilateral Hearing Impairment Following Unilateral Cochlear Implantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 3421
Author(s):  
Steffen Knopke ◽  
Arvid Schubert ◽  
Sophia Marie Häussler ◽  
Stefan Gräbel ◽  
Agnieszka J. Szczepek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Several studies demonstrated the association of hearing disorders with neurocognitive deficits and dementia disorders, but little is known about the effects of auditory rehabilitation on the cognitive performance of the elderly. Therefore, the research question of the present study was whether cochlear implantation, performed in 21 patients over 70 with bilateral severe hearing impairment, could influence their cognitive skills. The measuring points were before implantation and 12 months after the first cochlear implant (CI) fitting. Evaluation of the working memory (WMI) and processing speed (PSI) was performed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th edition (WAIS-IV). The audiological assessment included speech perception (SP) in quiet (Freiburg monosyllabic test; FMT), noise (Oldenburg sentence test; OLSA), and self-assessment inventory (Oldenburg Inventory; OI). Twelve months after the first CI fitting, not only the auditory parameters (SP and OI), but also the WMI and PSI, improved significantly (p < 0.05) in the cohort. The presented results imply that cochlear implantation of bilaterally hearing-impaired patients over 70 positively influences their cognitive skills.

Assessing the Flynn Effect in the Wechsler Scales

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Beaujean ◽  
Yanyan Sheng
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Flynn Effect ◽  
Technical Manual ◽  
Primary Scale ◽  
Iq Scores ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Future Direction

The current study examined the Flynn Effect (i.e., the increase in IQ scores over time) across all editions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). By reverse engineering the correlation and scale score transformations from each Wechsler edition’s technical manual, we made a mean and covariance matrix using the subtests and age groups that were in common for all editions of a given instrument. The results indicated that when aggregated, there was a FE of 0.44 IQ points/year. This Wechsler instrument used, however, moderates the FE, with the WISC showing the largest FE (0.73 IQ points/year) and the WAIS showing a smallest FE (0.30 IQ points/year). Moreover, this study found that the amount of invariant indicators across instruments and age groups varied substantially, ranging from 51.53% in the WISC for the 7-year-old group to 10.00% in the WPPSI for the 5- and 5.5-year-old age groups. Last, we discuss future direction for FE research based on these results.

The relation between neurocognitive dysfunction and impaired insight in patients with schizophrenia

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Simon ◽  
Marc De Hert ◽  
Martien Wampers ◽  
Joseph Peuskens ◽  
Ruud van Winkel
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sort Test ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

AbstractObjectivesThe present study aimed to (i) evaluate the association between insight and measures of executive functions and working memory in a sample of 132 patients with schizophrenia and (ii) to explore to what proportion neurocognitive dysfunction contributed to the variance in insight after controlling for symptomatology.MethodsSubjects were evaluated with a standardized neurocognitive test battery and a semi-structured interview, the Psychosis Evaluation tool for Common use by Caregivers (PECC). PECC, apart from evaluating symptoms and side-effects, measures insight on a 4-point scale by two of its dimensions: awareness of having a mental illness (AMI) and awareness of having symptoms attributed to a mental illness (ASAMI). Executive functioning was measured by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) and the Trail Making B (TMB). Working memory was measured by the Letter Number Sequencing (LNS) test from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).ResultsOnly one significant association was found after correction for multiple testing, between WCST categories completed and AMI (r = −0.29, p = 0.0006). WCST categories completed explained only 7.9% of the variance in AMI, while symptomatology explained 20% of variance in AMI and 16.5% of variance in ASAMI.ConclusionsThe current results show a significant but subtle association with the WCST, which is in agreement with earlier literature. No other associations between cognitive functioning and insight were found. In general, these findings seem to suggest that factors other than cognition have a greater impact on insight in patients with schizophrenia.

Retest Reliability of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised for 18- to 19-Year-Olds

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Carvajal ◽  
Matthew S. Schrader ◽  
Cooper B. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Adult Intelligence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Two Age Groups

Retest reliability of the WAIS-R for 18- to 19-yr.-olds was estimated for 44 undergraduates who took the test twice with 2 to 8 weeks between testings. The mean scores on subtests and IQs and the correlations of subtest scores and IQs were similar to the values obtained by Wechsler in 1981 with only two age groups, 25- to 34- and 45- to 54-yr.-old examinees.

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