scholarly journals Preliminary comparative study of cortical thickness in HIV-infected patients with and without working memory deficit

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261208
Author(s):  
Rafael Ferracini Cabral ◽  
Diogo Goulart Corrêa ◽  
Nicolle Zimmermann ◽  
Gustavo Tukamoto ◽  
Tadeu Takao Almodovar Kubo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Cluster 2

Purpose Changes in cerebral cortical regions occur in HIV-infected patients, even in those with mild neurocognitive disorders. Working memory / attention is one of the most affected cognitive domain in these patients, worsening their quality of life. Our objective was to assess whether cortical thickness differs between HIV-infected patients with and without working memory deficit. Methods Forty-one adult HIV-infected patients with and without working memory deficit were imaged on a 1.5 T scanner. Working memory deficit was classified by composite Z scores for performance on the Digits and Letter-Number Sequencing subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (third edition; WAIS-III). Cortical thickness was determined using FreeSurfer software. Differences in mean cortical thickness between groups, corrected for multiple comparisons using Monte-Carlo simulation, were examined using the query design estimate contrast tool of the FreeSurfer software. Results Greater cortical thickness in left pars opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, and rostral and caudal portions of the left middle frontal gyrus (cluster 1; p = .004), and left superior frontal gyrus (cluster 2; p = .004) was observed in HIV-infected patients with working memory deficit compared with those without such deficit. Negative correlations were found between WAIS-III–based Z scores and cortical thickness in the two clusters (cluster 1: ρ = –0.59; cluster 2: ρ = –0.47). Conclusion HIV-infected patients with working memory deficit have regions of greater thickness in the left frontal cortices compared with those without such deficit, which may reflect increased synaptic contacts and/or an inflammatory response related to the damage caused by HIV infection.

The relation between neurocognitive dysfunction and impaired insight in patients with schizophrenia

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoria Simon ◽  
Marc De Hert ◽  
Martien Wampers ◽  
Joseph Peuskens ◽  
Ruud van Winkel
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sort Test ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Neurocognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

AbstractObjectivesThe present study aimed to (i) evaluate the association between insight and measures of executive functions and working memory in a sample of 132 patients with schizophrenia and (ii) to explore to what proportion neurocognitive dysfunction contributed to the variance in insight after controlling for symptomatology.MethodsSubjects were evaluated with a standardized neurocognitive test battery and a semi-structured interview, the Psychosis Evaluation tool for Common use by Caregivers (PECC). PECC, apart from evaluating symptoms and side-effects, measures insight on a 4-point scale by two of its dimensions: awareness of having a mental illness (AMI) and awareness of having symptoms attributed to a mental illness (ASAMI). Executive functioning was measured by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) and the Trail Making B (TMB). Working memory was measured by the Letter Number Sequencing (LNS) test from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS).ResultsOnly one significant association was found after correction for multiple testing, between WCST categories completed and AMI (r = −0.29, p = 0.0006). WCST categories completed explained only 7.9% of the variance in AMI, while symptomatology explained 20% of variance in AMI and 16.5% of variance in ASAMI.ConclusionsThe current results show a significant but subtle association with the WCST, which is in agreement with earlier literature. No other associations between cognitive functioning and insight were found. In general, these findings seem to suggest that factors other than cognition have a greater impact on insight in patients with schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Normative Data for Two Working Memory Tasks in Spanish-Speaking US-Dwelling Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1275-1275
Author(s):  
T Seider ◽  
A Gooding ◽  
M J Marquine ◽  
P Suarez ◽  
M Rivera Mindt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Abstract Objective Working memory assessment is an important component of a neuropsychological evaluation. The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition Letter Number Sequencing subtest (LNS) are two commonly used measures of working memory. Demographic variables (age, education, ethnicity, and country of origin) can impact performance on these measures, underscoring the need for demographically adjusted norms when utilizing these tests. We aimed to develop normative data for the PASAT and LNS for Spanish-speaking adults living in the US. Participants and Method The PASAT and LNS were administered to Spanish-speaking adults living in the US-Mexico border regions of California and Arizona as part of a larger normative effort in this population. Two hundred and forty-nine participants completed the PASAT and a subset (n = 202) also completed LNS. Ages ranged from 19-60 and education from 0-20 years. Results Older age was associated with lower scores on LNS (p < .01), but not the PASAT. Lower education was associated with lower scores on both tests (ps < .001). Females obtained lower raw scores than males on the PASAT (ps < .003), and there were no significant main effects of gender on LNS raw scores. Raw-to-scaled score conversions were calculated for the PASAT-50 item, PASAT-200 item, and LNS, and fractional polynomial equations were developed to calculate demographically-adjusted T-scores accounting for age, education, and gender. Published norms for English-speaking non-Hispanic Whites drastically overestimated rates of impairment (defined as T-score < 40) on both the PASAT and LNS. Conclusions The use of the population-specific normative data may improve detection of working memory dysfunction in Spanish-speaking adults living in the US and contribute to improved diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning in this population.

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Taiwan Odd–Even Number Sequencing Test: A Nonalphabetic Measure of Working Memory

Assessment ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Yen-Ting Chen ◽  
Chung-Yu Peng ◽  
Mau-Sun Hua ◽  
Chen-Chung Liu ◽  
Hsin-Yi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Quota Sampling ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Healthy Participants

Alphabetic working memory (WM) tests, such as the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III and IV Letter Number Sequencing, are not appropriate for nonalphabetic cultures. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Taiwan Odd–Even Number Sequencing Test (TOENST) and identified representative norms. The TOENST and other mental screening tasks were administered to 300 randomly selected healthy participants, 32 purposive sampling patients with schizophrenia, and 32 quota sampling controls. To investigate reliability and validity, a subset of the 300 healthy participants was randomly selected to receive a second TOENST ( n = 30) or conventional WM tests ( n = 42). The split-half reliability of the TOENST ranged from 0.69 to 0.95, and its test–retest reliability was 0.75. Criterion validity was demonstrated by significant correlations with conventional WM measures (all p < .05, except semantic verbal fluency), and construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations with aging (main effect, F10,259 = 10.99, p < .001). Normative data were established, and performance was significantly associated with age and education. TOENST scores of patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower and correlated with frontal lobe tests, but not demographical or clinical characteristics. The TOENST has adequate psychometric properties and clinical utility and is as a viable alternative WM task for nonalphabetic cultures.

scholarly journals Narcissistic Traits and Executive Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Nenadić
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Spearman's Rho ◽  
Spearman’S Rho ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Several personality disorders have been associated with cognitive impairment, including executive functions like working memory. Yet, it is unclear whether subclinical expression in non-clinical persons is associated with cognitive functioning. Recent studies indicate that non-clinical subjects might, in fact, perform better with increasing moderate to mild expressions of narcissistic features. We tested working memory performance in a cohort of n=70 psychiatrically and neurologically healthy subjects using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS/WIE) subtests Arithmetic, Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing, and assessed narcissistic features using three different inventories: the widely used Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), as well as two clinically used measures of narcissistic traits and states, respectively, derived from schema-focused therapy, i.e., the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) entitlement/grandiosity subscale and the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) self-aggrandizer subscale. In accordance with our hypothesis, we found nominally significant positive correlations of WIE Arithmetic performance with NPI total score (Spearman’s rho=0.208; p=0.043) and SMI self-aggrandizer scale (Spearman’s rho=0.231; p=0.027), but findings did not survive false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment for multiple comparisons (pFDR=0.189 and pFDR=0.243, respectively). While our findings add to recent studies on cognitive performance in subclinical narcissism, they fail to demonstrate an association of cognitive performance with narcissistic traits across multiple working memory tests, indicating the need for additional study, including complementary executive functions in larger cohorts and ranges of phenotype expression.

Does Greater Phonological Storage Capacity Correlate with Levels of Intentionality and Theory of Mind?

2009 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Wynn ◽  
Frederick L. Coolidge
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
School Students ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Age Range

Greater phonological storage capacity may be associated with levels of intentionality, and therefore by assumption, Theory of Mind. The participants were 34 high school students in the Midwest (15 girls, 19 boys; age range = 15 to 17 years). The measures were digits forward and digits backward from the Digit Span subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–III and a measure purporting to assess Theory of Mind and Levels of Intentionality (Kinderman, Dunbar, & Bentall, 1998). There was found to be a weak nonsignificant correlation between digits forward and Levels of Intentionality, and a moderate and significant correlation between digits backward and Levels of Intentionality. The later correlation was significantly larger. The digits backward test requires not only greater phonological storage capacity but also appears to tap working memory resources. Findings suggest that greater phonological storage capacity is associated with higher intentionality, and by implication, perhaps more elaborate Theory of Mind, but only when the phonological task requires working memory functions.

scholarly journals The Effects of Processing Speed and Memory Span on Working Memory

GeroPsych ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Mitsunobu Kunimi ◽  
Haruyuki Kojima
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Presentation Modality ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
With Memory

This study examined the processing speed and memory span of young adults and older people using tasks based on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III, Wechsler, 1997 ). By comparing the data obtained from these tasks, we examined the effects of processing speed and memory span on working memory (WM). In addition, this study examined how presentation modality and the subject’s age are related to WM. Multiple regression analysis of the effect of memory span for each presentation modality used processing time as a factor to predict the WM span of various age groups. The result was two equations for predicting WM span. According to these equations, WM is negatively correlated with “age group” and “processing time,” and positively correlated with “memory span.” Memory span and processing speed were found to have similar impacts on WM, regardless of the presentation modality. However, our results suggested that visual WM and auditory WM are different functions, and that auditory WM is more strongly affected by memory span than visual WM.

A-164 The Role of Working Memory in Reading Abilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1219-1219
Author(s):  
Brittny Arias ◽  
William Goulart ◽  
Samantha Gestido ◽  
Zachary Peart ◽  
D'anna Sydow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Reading Abilities ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective To determine the extent to which memory can predict reading abilities after controlling for gender, age, and education. Method The participants were drawn from a de-identified adult clinical database. Two hierarchical multiple regressions (n = 246, Mage = 33.5, Medu = 13.8, 56% Caucasian, 58% Female) tested the ability of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) Working Memory Index (WMI) Score, and the Weschler Memory Scale Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) Visual Working Memory Index (VWMI) Score to predict reading abilities on the Nelson Denny Reading Test (NDRT) Vocabulary and Comprehension Standard Scores after controlling for the effects of gender, age, and education. Results In both regressions, gender, age, and education were entered in step 1 and WMI and VWMI were entered in step 2. In analysis of Vocabulary, step 1 explained 8% of variance; after step 2 the model explained 21% of variance F (5, 240) =12.98, p &lt; 0.001. WMI and VWMI scores explained 12% of variance after control variables, In analysis of Comprehension, step 1 accounted for 0.3% of variance; after step 2, the model explained 12% of the variance F (5, 240) = 6.54, p &lt; 0.001. Conclusion WMI and VWMI contributed unique variance to Vocabulary (12%) and Comprehension (12%). This suggests that memory is an important predictor of reading abilities. Additionally, education becomes a significant factor when predicting Comprehension. This may suggest that education may mediate the relationship between memory and reading abilities. The results indicate the vital role memory plays to carry out processing and storage functions while reading.

Geschlechtseffekte bei Intelligenz- und Gedächtnisleistungen

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja C. Lepach ◽  
Wiebke Reimers ◽  
Franz Pauls ◽  
Franz Petermann ◽  
Monika Daseking
Keyword(s):  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Adult Intelligence ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Diese Studie untersucht die Zusammenhänge von Intelligenz- und Gedächtnisleistungen in der Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV und der Wechsler Memory Scale-IV unter Berücksichtigung des Geschlechts (N = 137 Gesunde, 63 w/74 m). Ein Vorteil der weiblichen Testpersonen im verbalen episodischen Gedächtnis sowie in einzelnen Aufgaben zur Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit konnte beobachtet werden. Die männlichen Testpersonen schnitten in den Untertests Allgemeines Wissen und Visuelle Puzzles besser ab. Wie gut Gedächtnisleistungen Intelligenzleistungen erklären beziehungsweise vorhersagen, ist aufgrund unserer Ergebnisse nicht nur abhängig von den Aufgaben, sondern auch vom Geschlecht.

Analyse von Querschnittsdaten zur Intelligenzentwicklung im Erwachsenenalter: eine Studie zur deutschsprachigen Version der WAIS-IV

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Daseking ◽  
Franz Petermann
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Adult Intelligence ◽  
Wechsler Adult Intelligence ◽  
Deutschsprachige Version

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Datensatz (N = 1664), aus dem auch die Normstichprobe für die deutschsprachige Version der Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) gezogen wurde, nach altersabhängigen Veränderungen kognitiver Fähigkeiten analysiert. Die niedrigsten Rohwertmittelwerte werden in der ältesten Altersgruppe erreicht, die Leistungsspitzen finden sich überwiegend im Altersbereich zwischen 20 und 29 Jahren. In den Untertests der Indizes Wahrnehmungsgebundenes Logisches Denken und Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit kommt es zu einer bedeutsamen Leistungsabnahme mit zunehmendem Alter: In der ältesten Altersgruppe werden nur noch zwischen 50 und 60 % der Rohwertmittelwerte der leistungsstärksten Altersgruppe erreicht. Gleichzeitig nimmt die Heterogenität in der Rohwertverteilung zu. Für die Indizes Sprachverständnis und Arbeitsgedächtnis fallen beide Effekte deutlich niedriger aus.

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