Roots run deep: Investigating psychological mechanisms between history of family aggression and abusive supervision.

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Raymund James M. Garcia ◽  
Simon Lloyd D. Restubog ◽  
Christian Kiewitz ◽  
Kristin L. Scott ◽  
Robert L. Tang
Keyword(s):  
Abusive Supervision ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family Aggression

The notion of personality: historical and recent perspectives

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Vittorio Caprara
Keyword(s):  
Social Conditions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Life Paths ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Organizing

To the scientist, personality is the complexity of psychological structures and processes that contribute to the unity and continuity of individual conduct and experience. Personality psychologists explore the mechanisms that mediate person–environment transactions and the ways in which these psychological mechanisms give rise to the uniqueness of each person. This paper reviews the history of the discipline of personality psychology and the current status of the field. It urges investigators to attend to the proactive, self-regulatory features of personality. People are self-organizing, proactive beings, not just reactive organisms. Self-reflective and self-regulatory capabilities enable people to shape the nature of their experiences and life paths. This potentialist view of personality enables one to identify and promote the social conditions required for the full realization of human capacities.

scholarly journals The Role of Self-Esteem in Suicides Among Young Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Lyberg Rasmussen ◽  
Kari Dyregrov ◽  
Hanne Haavind ◽  
Antoon A. Leenaars ◽  
Gudrun Dieserud
Keyword(s):  
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Autopsy ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
Major Life ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Life Challenges ◽  
History Of

This study explores self-esteem in suicide among young males with no earlier history of suicide attempt(s) or treatment in mental health services. The data come from an ongoing psychological autopsy study; 10 cases of young men aged 18 to 30, were selected to generate a phenomenologically based understanding of the psychological mechanisms and processes involved in the suicidal process. The analyses are based on in-depth interviews with 61 closely connected individuals, as well as suicide notes. We used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. For these young men, the transition to young adulthood, a period of major life challenges, seemed to be associated with personal defeats. According to their significant others, the deceased seemed to have experienced intolerable discrepancies between their actual performances and their ideal self standards. Four themes emerged from the analysis: (a) striving to find a viable path to life as an adult man; (b) experiencing a sense of failure according to own standards; (c) emotional self-restriction in relationships; and (d) strong feelings of loneliness and rejection of self. Improved understanding of suicides outside the mental illness paradigm may have important implications for preventive strategies.

scholarly journals Context-induced relapse to drug seeking: a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1507) ◽  
pp. 3233-3243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans S Crombag ◽  
Jennifer M Bossert ◽  
Eisuke Koya ◽  
Yavin Shaham
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Occasion Setting ◽  
Drug Seeking ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Context

In humans, exposure to environmental contexts previously associated with drug intake often provokes relapse to drug use, but the mechanisms mediating this relapse are unknown. Based on early studies by Bouton & Bolles on context-induced ‘renewal’ of learned behaviours, we developed a procedure to study context-induced relapse to drug seeking. In this procedure, rats are first trained to self-administer drug in one context. Next, drug-reinforced lever responding is extinguished in a different (non-drug) context. Subsequently, context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking is assessed by re-exposing rats to the drug-associated context. Using variations of this procedure, we and others reported reliable context-induced reinstatement in rats with a history of heroin, cocaine, heroin–cocaine combination, alcohol and nicotine self-administration. Here, we first discuss potential psychological mechanisms of context-induced reinstatement, including excitatory and inhibitory Pavlovian conditioning, and occasion setting. We then summarize results from pharmacological and neuroanatomical studies on the role of several neurotransmitter systems (dopamine, glutamate, serotonin and opioids) and brain areas (ventral tegmental area, accumbens shell, dorsal striatum, basolateral amygdala, prefrontal cortex, dorsal hippocampus and lateral hypothalamus) in context-induced reinstatement. We conclude by discussing the clinical implications of rat studies on context-induced reinstatement of drug seeking.

Suicidal Plans in Patients With Stroke: Comparison Between Acute-Onset and Delayed-Onset Suicidal Plans

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 623-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Kishi ◽  
Robert G. Robinson ◽  
James T. Kosier
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
History Of ◽  
Suicidal Patients ◽  
Suicidal Plans

Three hundred one patients were examined for suicidal plans during the acute hospital period following stroke and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months' follow-up. It was found that 6.6% of patients developed suicidal plans during the initial in-hospital evaluation (acute-onset suicidal plans) and 11.3% of patients developed suicidal plans at 3, 6, 12, or 24 months' follow-up (delayed-onset suicidal plans). The development of both acute and delayed-onset suicidal plans was strongly related to the existence of depressive disorders, especially major depression, and to a prior history of stroke. Acute-onset suicidal plans were also related to premorbid alcohol abuse. Acute-onset suicidal patients had more anterior lesion location and delayed-onset suicidal patients had more posterior stroke lesions. Delayed-onset suicidal plans were not related to alcohol abuse but tended to be associated with greater physical impairment and poorer social support during the acute poststroke period. These data suggest that the etiology of these two types of suicidal plans may be different with acute onset related to biological mechanisms and delayed onset related to psychological mechanisms.

Premeditated Assaults on Young Boys by a Man with Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus — A Cognitive-Behavioural Approach to Treatment

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Julia C Houston
Keyword(s):  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Handicapped People ◽  
Physically Handicapped

This paper describes the case of a 25-year-old man with spina bifida and hydrocephalus, who had at least a ten-year history of physically assaulting young boys. Anti-social behaviour is reported as comparatively rare in people with this disability, and the case study illustrates how psychological assessment and treatment techniques were successfully applied. Information from his personal history plus a functional analysis of the assaults suggested that a combination of existing psychological difficulties and learning experiences contributed to the development of his behaviour. A behavioural model of the psychological mechanisms underlying the behaviour was suggested and treatment objectives defined. Cognitive and behavioural treatment techniques were adapted where necessary, with a good outcome. A gap in services for physically handicapped people with behavioural problems is noted and briefly discussed.

Psychology contra Morality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Moral Experience ◽  
Automatic Processes ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Ordinary Life ◽  
Moral Transformation ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post Hoc

This chapter summarizes key elements of the challenge psychology has posed to morality beginning with Freud and extending to three consequential claims of the current literature on social psychology and cognitive science: the undermining of deliberative moral agency by intuitive or automatic processes; the post-hoc or rationalizing nature of moral reasoning; and the emphasis on psychological mechanisms of self-justification. A clear resonance between the challenge to rational agency in the history of literary studies and the claims of more recent forms of psychology is established, leading to discussion of those elements of moral experience that elude both of these frameworks. Focusing on the importance of moral experience in time (especially with respect to slow processes such as grief or repair), this chapter establishes the persistent importance of moral understanding and moral transformation, both in ordinary life and in literary genres and modes.

scholarly journals S. Milgram’s experiment through the lens of historical psychology

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
V.N. Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human History ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Classical Experiment ◽  
Obedience To Authority

The article presents a look at the results of the classical experiment of S. Milgram from the point of view of the theories of B. Porshnev and D. Jaynes. A review of the provisions of both theories that are relevant to the analysis of the experiment of S. Milgram is given. A comparative analysis was carried out. It is shown that both theories postulate the existence in human history of a period when our ancestors were guided in their behavior not by their own motives, goals and objectives, but by other people’s speech commands — either given by real leaders (B. Porshnev), or their “doubles” — voice-hallucinations (D. Jaynes). If we agree with the authors of these theories, the unquestioning obedience to “authority”, demonstrated by the majority of subjects in the experiment of S. Milgram, is in a certain sense a recurrence of those psychological mechanisms and behaviors that existed in a person in that historical era of total suggestion (according to B. Porshnev) or “bicameral mind” (according to D. Jane).

A Historical View on Attitudes and Persuasion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Briñol ◽  
Richard E. Petty ◽  
Joshua J Guyer
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dual Processes ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Multiple Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Attitude Behavior

The history of attitudes research can be organized into three main sections covering attitude definition and measurement, attitude-behavior relationships, and attitude change. First, an evaluation of the history of attitude measurement reveals three relatively distinct phases: an early phase in which the classic direct self-report procedures were developed, a middle phase focused on “indirect” assessment devices, and a modern phase in which various measures designed to capture people’s automatic or “implicit” attitudes have flourished. Second, the history of attitude-behavior correspondence can be organized also around three broad themes: an early period in which the presumed close association between attitudes and behaviors was largely an article of faith; a middle period in which some researchers concluded that little, if any, relationship existed between measures of attitudes and overt behaviors; and a more recent period in which the resolution of prior issues stimulated an explosion of research focused on identifying the moderators and psychological mechanisms responsible for attitude-behavior correspondence. Finally, the history of research and ideas regarding attitude change and persuasion can be organized around several prominent theories focused on distinct single processes, dual processes, or multiple processes, each of which are still used by contemporary attitudes researchers.

scholarly journals TRANSPLANTATION PSYCHIATRY: AN OVERVIEW

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesna Medved ◽  
Sara Medved ◽  
Milena Skočić Hanžek
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Organ Donor ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Post Transplantation ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Overall Evaluation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psychiatric Side Effects

Psychiatric consultation and evaluation is an important part of candidate selection for organ transplantation. Psychiatricassessment of patients undergoing transplantation procedure is done in pre- and post-transplantation periods, each one having its specifics. In the pre-transplantation period it is crucial to assess the patient’s therapeutic adherence and the ability of understanding the treatment. The main prediction factor for short and long-term success is medical compliance for which thorough clarification ofpsychosocial support is needed. Symptoms of psychological exhaustion due to physical illness should be distinguished from psychiatric disorders. If a patient has a history of psychiatric illness, the risks of exacerbation or recurrence of a disease need to be evaluated. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of psychotropic drugs resulting from to organ failure should be considered when deciding on treatment. Psychiatric assessment of the organ donor aims to clarify the psychological suitability and motivation.There are specific aspects of liver, kidney, heart and lung transplantation to keep in mind. Understanding psychosexual development is particularly important to children, before transplantation, as is the assessment of every family member. The consultation concludes with an overall evaluation of the patient's psychosocial strengths and limitations and recommended interventions tooptimize the candidacy for transplantation. In the post-transplantation period potential psychological problems or psychiatric disorders must be identified and treated accordingly, in addition to psychiatric side effects of immunosuppressive therapy. The use of psychotropic drugs in the post-transplantation period requires knowledge of medication interactions.Overall, psychiatrists perform multiple roles in the transplantation team. The psychiatrists’ goals are to meet the psychological needs of both patients and potential donors, evaluate candidates and to help other medical experts on the team with understanding underlying psychological mechanisms triggered by serious medical conditions and procedures. Finally, the most important purpose is optimal organ recruitment and recovery.

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