The notion of personality: historical and recent perspectives

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Vittorio Caprara
Keyword(s):  
Social Conditions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Life Paths ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Organizing

To the scientist, personality is the complexity of psychological structures and processes that contribute to the unity and continuity of individual conduct and experience. Personality psychologists explore the mechanisms that mediate person–environment transactions and the ways in which these psychological mechanisms give rise to the uniqueness of each person. This paper reviews the history of the discipline of personality psychology and the current status of the field. It urges investigators to attend to the proactive, self-regulatory features of personality. People are self-organizing, proactive beings, not just reactive organisms. Self-reflective and self-regulatory capabilities enable people to shape the nature of their experiences and life paths. This potentialist view of personality enables one to identify and promote the social conditions required for the full realization of human capacities.

scholarly journals Las teorías del discurso y la Historia de las ideas latinoamericanas: ampliaciones metodológicas / Discourse Studies and History of Latin American Ideas: Methodological Extensions

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-79
Author(s):  
Mario Federico David Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Speech Analysis ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
The Social ◽  
Disciplinary Field ◽  
History Of ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
Political Configuration ◽  
Ideological Dimension

El presente artículo señala puntos de convergencia metodológica y reflexión teórica entre los estudios del discurso y la propuesta de una Historia de las ideas latinoamericanas de Arturo Roig. En consecuencia, se caracteriza a la Historia de las Ideas como un campo disciplinar que se interroga sobre un amplio sistema de relaciones socio-históricas que hacen a la configuración geo-política de lo Latinoamericano y a las formas de objetivación que se han construido en torno él. El problema que da forma a este trabajo se focaliza en la búsqueda de herramientas que permitan visibilizar la materialización de lo ideológico en el discurso. Es por ello que se focaliza en la noción de “ampliaciones metodológicas” de las indagaciones filosóficas por influencia de la Semiótica y el Análisis del Discurso. Se asume, además, una concepción metodológica del Análisis del Discurso como un campo interdisciplinar que propende a la comprensión de las actividades comunicativas en interacción permanente con las condiciones sociales en las que se producen. ABSTRACT This article presents some methodological and theoretical reflections on the links between discourse studies and Arturo Roig’s proposal for a History of Latin American Ideas. This discipline is defined as a disciplinary field that questions a broad system of socio-historical relationships that make up the geo-political configuration of Latin America. The problem that this work organizes focuses on the ideological dimension of the discourse. That is why it focuses on the notion of “methodological extensions” of philosophical inquiries under the influence of Semiotics and Speech Analysis. Furthermore, a methodological conception of Discourse Analysis is assumed as an interdisciplinary field that tends to understand communicative activities in permanent interaction with the social conditions in which they occur.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Luhrmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Ethnic Density ◽  
Cultural Interpretation ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of

The introduction lays out what we know about the social context of schizophrenia from the epidemiological literature: that risk of schizophrenia is particularly high for immigrants from predominantly dark-skinned countries to Europe; that risk increases with lower socioeconomic status at birth and even at parent’s birth; that risk increases with urban dwelling and seems to increase the longer time is spent in cities; that risk increases as ethnic density in the neighborhood declines. The chapter presents a history of the way schizophrenia has been understood in the United States, and the diagnostic complexities of serious psychotic disorder. It then discusses what ethnographers have observed so far about the social conditions which may shape the experience of psychosis: the local cultural interpretation of mental illness; the role and presence of the family; the structure of work; and the basic social environment. This becomes the ground for our case studies.

The Development of Behaviour Therapy in Australia

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syd H. Lovibond
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Number Of Individuals

In his address to the Annual Conference of the Australian Behaviour Modification Association in 1986, Dr. Robin Winkler chose the topic “The social history of behaviour modification in Australia” (Winkler & Krasner, 1987). Dr. Winkler was concerned to recognise the contributions of a number of individuals who were prominent in the new movement in the 50s, 60s and 70s. My aim is rather different. I want to try to capture what the early workers were trying to achieve, what they saw as the problems, and how they viewed the early developments. I will then look at more recent developments in Australian behaviour therapy, and try to characterise its current status. Finally, I'll discuss what seem to me the major current problems, and suggest some possible solutions. Where I feel able to do so, and it seems to me appropriate, I'll make some comparisons with the situation in the USA. Many of the more general points, of course, will be relevant to behaviour therapy in any country.

scholarly journals Christianity and Islam under the Sultans of Konia

1913 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
F. W. Hasluck
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Political History ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
The Political ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Artistic Achievement ◽  
History Of

At the first appearance of the Ottomans, towards the close of the thirteenth century, Christian and Turk had already been living for two centuries side by side in the interior of Asia Minor under the rule of the Seljouk Sultans of Roum. The political history of this period is still emerging from obscurity: the social and religious history has hardly been touched. The Byzantine historians, concerned only incidentally with provinces already in partibus, give us no more than hints, and we have none of those personal and intimate records which are apt to tell us much more of social conditions than the most elaborate chronicle.The golden age of the Sultanate of Roum is undoubtedly the reign of Ala-ed-din I. (1219–1236), whose capital, Konia, still in its decay bears witness by monument and inscription to the culture and artistic achievement of his time. Ala-ed-din was a highly-educated man and an enlightened ruler. He was familiar with Christianity, having spent eleven years in exile at Constantinople. One of his predecessors, Kaikhosru I. (1192–6, 1204–10) who likewise spent an exile in Christendom, nearly became a Christian and married a Christian wife.

Debates about the generic ontology of film noir

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Varmazi ◽  
Funda Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Film Noir ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Femme Fatale ◽  
Critical Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
Narrative Cinema ◽  
History Of ◽  
Film Genres

This viewpoint discusses the various definitions given to classic film noir in order to show how the concept of film noir is difficult to demarcate as a genre, remaining a debatable subject among theoreticians. On a broader level, it might be argued that these discussions are linked with the intertextuality, the dynamism and the hybridity of film genres. One can also argue that film noir stands as one of the preliminary examples of such hybridity in the history of Western narrative cinema. Such a debate is also connected to film noir’s deviance from Hollywood conventions. While inhabiting elements from these conventions, classic noir has been affected by European film movements whilst influencing them. Noir holds a critical position to the social conditions of its era, defined usually from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. It also produces generic stereotypical characters such as the ‘hardboiled’ detective and the femme fatale that are both embraced and highly criticized by film theoreticians. However, film noir is an ambivalent concept, a category of films that can be sensed, yet resists delimitation within strict boundaries.

The Origins of Unions: Some Miscellaneous Sydney Workers in 1910

1991 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-308
Author(s):  
Christopher Sheil
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Occupational Group ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

In considering the causes and possible corrections for the current decline in Australian trade union membership, it may help to reflect on the origins of the movement. This article presents evidence and an argument about one aspect of the origins of the Federated Miscellaneous Workers Union (FMWU). The evidence concerns the social history of watchmen, caretakers and cleaners, who formed the original core of the union's membership. The argument is that these workers amounted to such an improbable basis for a union that the simple fact of their organization represents a substantial challenge to the common assumption in labour history that it is the cohesion of an occupational group that empowers it. To the extent that the origins of the union are typical, it can be suggested that the period of tremendous Australian trade union formation and growth between 1907 and 1913 owed much more to general political and, by extertsion, social conditions than it did to the specific circumstances of any particular section of workers.

scholarly journals The Almanac “Woman and Russia” and the Soviet Feminist Movement at the end of the 1970s

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20
Author(s):  
Nadina Milewska-Pindor
Keyword(s):  
Women Writers ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Women Activists ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Feminist Movement ◽  
Short History ◽  
Feminist Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
History Of

This article presents a short history of the origin and creation of the Almanac “Women and Russia,” which began as a samizdat underground publication devoted to the problem of women and childrearing in the USSR. The idea for creating such an Almanac originated in the mid 1970s in the Leningrad circle of ‘unofficial culture’, at the initiative of the artist Tatyana Mamonova, religious philosopher Tatyana Goricheva, and the women author Natasha Malachovska. The women writers featured in the first edition of the Almanac addressed not only questions about the social conditions prevailing in the USSR, but above all exposed the consequences for women living and functioning ina patriarchal social order, and ironically one where all the questions concerning ‘women’s rights’ were deemed to have been resolved in a progressive fashion much earlier. Not only is the substance of the Almanac important, but the circumstances surrounding its publication and the subsequent consequences related to its publishing also reveal the state of the ‘women’s movement’ in the USSR of that time. These include the reactions of the representatives of the dissident culture, the interventions of the security apparatus and the attendant repression of the women activists and its effect on their lives, and the support of feminist organizations from abroad. Each of the afore-mentioned reactions and consequences became an element of and shaped the everyday lives of the activists involved in the creation of the Almanac. The events related in this work confirm the opinion of those researchers who consider that the publication of the Almanac marked the beginning of the resurrection of the feminist movement in Russia.

scholarly journals “The point is to change it”: The Imperative for Activist Literary Studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Christian Smith
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Continental Philosophy ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

The task undertaken in this paper is to discover a means by which the practice of literary criticism can derive an imperative for activism that confronts and changes the social conditions it critiques. The case of Karl Marx’s use of world literature in his critique of capitalism and the state, set within the history of the development of continental philosophy, is explored through a close-reading of its interterxtuality. Particular attention is paid to Marx’s use of quotations from and allusions to world literature, including Homer, Sophocles, Virgil, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Goethe and Heine, to register the harmful inversions caused by an economy based on money and commodities. If literature registers the contradictions of its time in its form and content, then the urge to resolve those contradictions sits restless in literature. When Marx inserts literature into his theoretical texts, he transfers into his text the impulse of the contradiction to resolve itself. Similarly, literary criticism is well-placed to unfold clear, obvious and necessary logic which leads to activism.

Local Ecosystems and Social Conditions of Innovative Enterprise

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-97
Author(s):  
Antonio Andreoni ◽  
William Lazonick
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
World War ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Innovative Enterprise

This chapter integrates the theory and history of localized economic development by summarizing the experiences of three iconic industrial districts: a) the Lancashire cotton textile district which in the last half of the nineteenth century enabled Britain to become the ‘workshop of the world’; b) the globally competitive towns and cities specializing in a variety of light industries, especially in the Emilia Romagna regional district, that, as the ‘Third Italy’, brought economic modernity to that nation in the decades after World War II; and 3) the area in California south of San Francisco, centred on Stanford University, that, as ‘Silicon Valley’, made the United States the world leader in the microelectronics and Internet revolutions of the last decades of the twentieth century. Using the ‘social conditions of innovative enterprise’ as a common conceptual approach, the chapter highlights key lessons from history of the nexus between firms and their local ecosystems.

History

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-100
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Shokoohy ◽  
Natalie H. Shokoohy
Keyword(s):  
Its Region ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
North India ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Indian History ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coherent Picture

The history of Bayana and its region is investigated from historical sources, inscriptions, and the actual buildings, beginning with its pre-Islamic origins; the conquest of Bayana by the Ghurids in 1194; the extent of the region of Bayana; its flourishing condition in the 13th and 14th centuries and the account of Ibn Battūta’s visit. The shock of Tīmūr’s invasion of North India, with the formation of independent sultanates is analysed, in particular the rise of the Auhadīs (genealogy in Appendix II) who ruled Bayana autonomously; followed by the impact of Lodī dominance; Bābur and the rise of the Mughals. The Sūrī challenge to the empire and the social conditions are also considered, in particular the appearance of a Mahdī and the purge of his cult and its militia. The return of the Mughals, and their patronage of the area is illustrated by edifices such as the garden built for Jahangīr’s mother Maryam Zamanī. Extracts from the sources (often untranslated previously) are given in the original Arabic and Persian as well as in translation, as are major epigraphs (supported by Appendix I), to form a coherent picture of this previously neglected area of North Indian history.

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