When are our experimental findings better than a guess?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clintin Davis-Stober ◽  
Jason Dana
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Better Than

Measurement of lung diffusing capacity by means of C14O in a closed system

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S⊘lvsteen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Uniform Distribution ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Alveolar Ventilation ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Better Than

A method of measuring the lung diffusing capacity (Dl) with radioactive carbon monoxide (C14O) and nonuniformity of ventilation with nonabsorbable gas in a closed system is described. Treating ventilation as a continuous phenomenon and disregarding dead space, the mathematical equations for uniform and nonuniform ventilation (two lung regions ventilated in parallel) are derived. It is proved that sooner or later the curve for carbon monoxide, plotted on semilogarithmic paper, will be rectilinear. Experiments in six normal subjects and eight patients with chronic lung disease are described. Determinations of the distribution of the ventilation and the Dl are made in separate experiments. Since the method is unreliable at high Dl values, many of the Dl estimations are performed at high oxygen tension, which reduces the apparent Dl. It is shown that the assumption of a uniform distribution of Dl to lung volume explains the experimental findings better than the assumption of a uniform distribution of Dl to alveolar ventilation. Dl was decreased in four of the eight patients. mathematics of uniform and nonuniform ventilation; distribution of lung diffusing capacity in relation to lung volume and alveolar ventilation; N2 curve for use in calculating alveolar ventilation and regional lung volumes; CO curve for use in calculating lung diffusing capacity; diffusing capacity of lung determined with a closed system Submitted on October 15, 1962

scholarly journals ARE MANY HEADS BETTER THAN ONE? USING PEER REVIEW IN ENGINEERING DESIGN COURSES

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Garousi
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Universities And Colleges ◽  
Canadian Universities ◽  
Peer Reviews ◽  
Design Project ◽  
Design Projects ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Better Than

It is important for engineering students to peer review each other's work during design projects. Based on the demonstrated value of peer reviews in engineering (e.g., the software industry), numerous industry experts have listed it at the top of the list of desirable engineering skills and practices. However, surprisingly, not many engineering courses in Canadian or even non-Canadian universities and colleges include peer review activities in their design courses. The author thus decided to apply peer reviews to the design project of a senior software engineering course. The purpose of this article is to present our experimental findings, lessons learned, possible challenges and recommendations that may be used to promote learning and also the usage of peer review activities in teaching other engineering courses. The results of our experiment show promising signs of using peer review in a design project.

scholarly journals A Novel Swarm Urochordate Algorithm for Defensive Resource Assignment Problems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusum Yadav ◽  
Gaurav Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Suggested Method ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Resource Assignment ◽  
Assignment Problems ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
Target Assignment ◽  
Np Complete ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The weapon target assignment (WTA) problem is an important task to tactical arrangements in military commitment operations. It describes the optimal method to allocate defenses in opposition to threats in fighting situations. It is an NP-complete issue in which no accurate outcome for all conceivable situations is known. The time performance of created algorithms is a major challenge in modeling the WTA problem, which has only been lately considered in related papers. This article introduces a new algorithm called Swarm Urochordate Algorithm (SUA) which is inspired nature by tunicates to solve the WTA problem. The suggested method is compared to nine metaheuristic approaches recently established for 30 well-known testing benchmarks. Convergence and computer complexity are also examined. The experimental findings show that the method presented works better than previous competing metaheuristic approaches.

scholarly journals Fragility of Comparative Advantage in Higher Dimensions: An Experimental Investigation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-170
Author(s):  
Baboo M Nowbutsing
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Optimal Assignment ◽  
Ricardian Model ◽  
Competitive Model ◽  
The Law ◽  
Production Pattern ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Better Than

In this study, an experimental analysis of the fragility of the law of the comparative advantage in higher dimensions is performed. Noussair et al (1995) invoked a trading environment similar to the 2 x 2 Competitive Ricardian Model (CRM) and observed the law of comparative advantage. In this experiment, the same experimental setting is invoked however the number of goods and countries is increased. There were three countries and three goods, two countries were categorised as ‘intermediate’ comparative advantage while one as ‘extreme’ comparative advantage. However, the Jones (1961)’s criterion for optimal assignment was satisfied. The experimental findings reveal the following (1) both the autarky model and the competitive model are rejected as a representation of the data but the competitive model performs better than the autarky model (2) the CRM does not predict the production pattern (3) the CRM does not predict pattern of trade (4) output prices do not converge to the prediction of the theoretical model. Thus the results support the claim of Deardoff (2005).

A New Computation Model of Combustion in the Spark-Ignition Engine

1970 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. D. Annand
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Flame Front ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Computation Model ◽  
Excess Carbon ◽  
Working Cycle ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Made In

The paper presents an attempt to embody, in a calculation of the combustion and expansion phases of the working cycle of a spark-ignition engine, a representation of the observed fact that reaction is not completed in the flame front, but is continued in the enflamed gases. It is argued that the secondary reaction consists mainly in the transformation of excess carbon monoxide to dioxide, and crude representations of the formation of the excess and the rate of transformation are adopted. Results of computations made in this way conform with observation better than those made on the assumption of chemical equilibrium behind the flame front, and help to explain some experimental findings.

Time and Latitude in South Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
J. Hers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Astronomical Determination ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

Localization of immunolabels by electron microscopy and image averaging

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
J. Frank ◽  
P.-Y. Sizaret ◽  
A. Verschoor ◽  
J. Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Single Particle ◽  
Attachment Site ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Image Averaging ◽  
Top View ◽  
Better Than

The accuracy with which the attachment site of immunolabels bound to macromolecules may be localized in electron microscopic images can be considerably improved by using single particle averaging. The example studied in this work showed that the accuracy may be better than the resolution limit imposed by negative staining (∽2nm).The structure used for this demonstration was a halfmolecule of Limulus polyphemus (LP) hemocyanin, consisting of 24 subunits grouped into four hexamers. The top view of this structure was previously studied by image averaging and correspondence analysis. It was found to vary according to the flip or flop position of the molecule, and to the stain imbalance between diagonally opposed hexamers (“rocking effect”). These findings have recently been incorporated into a model of the full 8 × 6 molecule.LP hemocyanin contains eight different polypeptides, and antibodies specific for one, LP II, were used. Uranyl acetate was used as stain. A total of 58 molecule images (29 unlabelled, 29 labelled with antl-LPII Fab) showing the top view were digitized in the microdensitometer with a sampling distance of 50μ corresponding to 6.25nm.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Electron Microscopic Observation of the Longitudinal Organization of Poly (p-Phenylene Terephthalamide) Fibers

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 680-681
Author(s):  
Li Li-Sheng ◽  
L.F. Allard ◽  
W.C. Bigelow
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electron Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Aromatic Polyamides ◽  
Radial Arrangement ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The aromatic polyamides form a class of fibers having mechanical properties which are much better than those of aliphatic polyamides. Currently, the accepted morphology of these fibers as proposed by M.G. Dobb, et al. is a radial arrangement of pleated sheets, with the plane of the pleats parallel to the axis of the fiber. We have recently obtained evidence which supports a different morphology of this type of fiber, using ultramicrotomy and ion-thinning techniques to prepare specimens for transmission and scanning electron microscopy.

A High Angle, Double Tilting Cold Stage for the AEI EM7

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 450-451
Author(s):  
P.R. Swann ◽  
A.E. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Habit Plane ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Cold Stage ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Better Than

Figure 1 shows the design of a specimen stage used for the in situ observation of phase transformations in the temperature range between ambient and −160°C. The design has the following features a high degree of specimen stability during tilting linear tilt actuation about two orthogonal axes for accurate control of tilt angle read-out high angle tilt range for stereo work and habit plane determination simple, robust construction temperature control of better than ±0.5°C minimum thermal drift and transmission of vibration from the cooling system.

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