Exploring ethics in rural settings: Through the lens of culture

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Behnke
Keyword(s):  
Rural Settings

Tuberculosis: Diagnostic Challenges in Rural Africa

Praxis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 108 (15) ◽  
pp. 991-996
Author(s):  
Ngisi Masawa ◽  
Farida Bani ◽  
Robert Ndege
Keyword(s):  
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Screening Questions ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
Tb Diagnostics ◽  
Strip Test ◽  
Urine Strip

Abstract. Tuberculosis (TB) remains among the top 10 infectious diseases with highest mortality globally since the 1990s despite effective chemotherapy. Among 10 million patients that fell ill with tuberculosis in the year 2017, 36 % were undiagnosed or detected and not reported; the number goes as high as 55 % in Tanzania, showing that the diagnosis of TB is a big challenge in the developing countries. There have been great advancements in TB diagnostics with introduction of the molecular tests such as Xpert MTB/RIF, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, lipoarabinomannan urine strip test, and molecular line-probe assays. However, most of the hospitals in Tanzania still rely on the TB score chart in children, the WHO screening questions in adults, acid-fast bacilli and chest x-ray for the diagnosis of TB. Xpert MTB/RIF has been rolled-out but remains a challenge in settings where the samples for testing must be transported over many kilometers. Imaging by sonography – nowadays widely available even in rural settings of Tanzania – has been shown to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Despite all the efforts and new diagnostics, 30–50 % of patients in high-burden TB countries are still empirically treated for tuberculosis. More efforts need to be placed if we are to reduce the death toll by 90 % until 2030.

Probiotics for Gastrointestinal Health and�General�Wellbeing

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
E.O. Irokanulo ◽  
M.A. Akalegbere
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Gut Flora ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Gastrointestinal Health ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
General Wellbeing

Gastrointestinal health is a precursor to general wellbeing in humans. Maintaining good normal gut flora for the health benefits they provide is important. Unfortunately, however, the good gut flora is sometimes dislodged during feeding and treatment with certain drugs. Foods that lead to such gut flora displacement may contain other microorganisms whose actions create unfavourable environmental conditions for resident flora. The principle of removing unwanted harmful gut flora; introducing good microorganisms through ingestion of live microorganisms, known as probiotics or foods that contain specific live microbes of interest is now practiced. Consumption of foods containing probiotics has long been practiced world-wide especially in rural settings and in low-income economies even though such consumptions may be unintended. Presently, careful isolation, characterization and testing of candidate probiotic organisms, has become the norm. This re-emerging phenomenon and the great impact it has on human health is considered here looking at probiotic sources; including foods, the role they play in gastrointestinal health, their mode of action and the disease types where they are beneficial to man including their safety and how their introduction in the �medical menu� in low-income nations can help in combating the rather very �regular� gastrointestinal infections in these countries.

scholarly journals Tackling Rural Health, Energy, … and Technological Issues All at Once: A Call for a Global Interdisciplinary Platform for Strengthening Rural Setting Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

Challenges ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Farshad Amiraslani
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Research Studies

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has revealed flaws in rural settings where most people live without the necessary tools, income, and knowledge to tackle such unprecedented global challenges. Here, I argue that despite the research studies conducted on rural areas, these have not solved rising rural issues, notably poverty and illiteracy. I propound a global institute to be formed by governments that provides a platform for empowering rural communities through better training, skills, and competencies. Such global endeavour will ensure the remaining rural communities withstand future pandemics if they occur.

scholarly journals Interface between Bats and Pigs in Heavy Pig Production

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Stefania Leopardi ◽  
Pamela Priori ◽  
Barbara Zecchin ◽  
Gianpiero Zamperin ◽  
Adelaide Milani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Farming System ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Animal Shelters ◽  
Environmental Resistance ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
Common System ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Reassortant Strain ◽  
The Eu

Bats are often claimed to be a major source for future viral epidemics, as they are associated with several viruses with zoonotic potential. Here we describe the presence and biodiversity of bats associated with intensive pig farms devoted to the production of heavy pigs in northern Italy. Since chiropters or signs of their presence were not found within animal shelters in our study area, we suggest that fecal viruses with high environmental resistance have the highest likelihood for spillover through indirect transmission. In turn, we investigated the circulation of mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs), coronaviruses (CoVs) and astroviruses (AstVs) in pigs and bats sharing the same environment. Results of our preliminary study did not show any bat virus in pigs suggesting that spillover from these animals is rare. However, several AstVs, CoVs and MRVs circulated undetected in pigs. Among those, one MRV was a reassortant strain carrying viral genes likely acquired from bats. On the other hand, we found a swine AstV and a MRV strain carrying swine genes in bat guano, indicating that viral exchange at the bat–pig interface might occur more frequently from pigs to bats rather than the other way around. Considering the indoor farming system as the most common system in the European Union (EU), preventive measures should focus on biosecurity rather than displacement of bats, which are protected throughout the EU and provide critical ecosystem services for rural settings.

scholarly journals The Uncertainty of COVID-19 Inducing Social Fear and Pressure on the Continuity of Rural, Community-Based Medical Education: A Thematic Analysis

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Ryuichi Ohta ◽  
Yoshinori Ryu ◽  
Chiaki Sano
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Medical Trainees ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Social Fear ◽  
Medical Educators

Rural community-based medical education (CBME) enriches undergraduate and postgraduate students’ learning but has been impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We identified the challenges faced by stakeholders as well as the relevant solutions to provide recommendations for sustainable CBME in community hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 31 pages of field and reflection notes were collated through direct observation and used for analysis. Five physicians, eight nurses, one clerk, fourteen medical trainees, and three rural citizens were interviewed between 1 April and 30 September 2020. The interviews were recorded and their contents were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis. Three themes emerged: uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, an overwhelming sense of social fear and pressure within and outside communities, and motivation and determination to continue providing CBME. Rural CBME was impacted by not only the fear of infection but also social fear and pressure within and outside communities. Constant assessment of the risks associated with the pandemic and the implications for CMBE is essential to ensure the sustainability of CBME in rural settings, not only for medical educators and students but also stakeholders who administrate rural CBME.

scholarly journals Characterization of heat index experienced by individuals residing in urban and rural settings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwei Wang ◽  
Connor Y. H. Wu ◽  
Molly B. Richardson ◽  
Benjamin F. Zaitchik ◽  
Julia M. Gohlke
Keyword(s):  
Heat Index ◽  
Rural Settings

E-Peer Coaching: A Model to Support Rural Special Education Field Placements

2021 ◽  
pp. 875687052098229
Author(s):  
Jessica Gugino ◽  
Sharon Raimondi ◽  
Larry Maheady
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Peer Coaching ◽  
Field Placements ◽  
Rural Settings ◽  
Field Supervision ◽  
Adequate Supervision ◽  
Education Field

Providing adequate supervision for pre-service teachers enrolled in special education field placements is a challenge. Rural placements often exacerbate this challenge due to the large geographical areas in which these placements are located. The purpose of this article is to describe one approach to early field supervision in rural settings that may provide solutions to this dilemma. E-peer coaching utilizes video-facilitated peer coaching to provide novice pre-service teachers (NPTs) with accurate feedback that is both frequent and timely. This study investigated the use of a Google App that allowed NPTs to record instructional sessions and provide feedback to one another under the supervision of a course instructor. Recommendations for implementation are discussed.

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