Personality expectation in long-term career success for European Americans and east Asians

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chen ◽  
Chi-yue Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Career Success ◽  
East Asians ◽  
European Americans

scholarly journals Cultural variation in the gray matter volume of the prefrontal cortex is moderated by the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 3922-3931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Nobuhito Abe ◽  
Anthony King ◽  
Carolyn Yoon ◽  
Israel Liberzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Dopamine D4 Receptor ◽  
East Asians ◽  
European Americans ◽  
The Difference ◽  
D4 Receptor ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Recent evidence suggests a systematic cultural difference in the volume/thickness of prefrontal regions of the brain. However, origins of this difference remain unclear. Here, we addressed this gap by adopting a unique genetic approach. People who carry the 7- or 2-repeat (7/2-R) allele of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) are more sensitive to environmental influences, including cultural influences. Therefore, if the difference in brain structure is due to cultural influences, it should be moderated by DRD4. We recruited 132 young adults (both European Americans and Asian-born East Asians). Voxel-based morphometry showed that gray matter (GM) volume of the medial prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex was significantly greater among European Americans than among East Asians. Moreover, the difference in GM volume was significantly more pronounced among carriers of the 7/2-R allele of DRD4 than among non-carriers. This pattern was robust in an alternative measure assessing cortical thickness. A further exploratory analysis showed that among East Asian carriers, the number of years spent in the U.S. predicted increased GM volume in the orbitofrontal cortex. The present evidence is consistent with a view that culture shapes the brain by mobilizing epigenetic pathways that are gradually established through socialization and enculturation.

Higher Cardiac Vagal Activity Predicts Lower Peripheral Resistance Six Years Later in European but not African Americans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
DeWayne P. Williams ◽  
Julian F. Thayer ◽  
James D. Halbert ◽  
Xiaoling Wang ◽  
Gaston Kapuku
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Vagal Activity ◽  
Differential Impact ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Lower Blood

African American (AA) individuals are at a greater risk for the development of cardiovascular complications, such as hypertension, compared to European Americans (EAs). Higher vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV) is typically associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR). However, research has yet to examine the differential impact of HRV on longitudinal hemodynamic activity between AAs and EAs. We sought to rectify this in a sample of 385 normotensive youths (207 AAs, 178 EAs; mean age 23.16 ± 2.9 years). Individuals participated in two laboratory evaluations spanning approximately six years. Bio-impedance was used to assess HRV at time 1 and cardiac output at both time 1 and time 2. Mean arterial pressure (i.e., BP) was measured at both timepoints via an automated BP machine. TPR was calculated as MAP divided by cardiac output. Results showed AAs to have higher BP and higher TPR at time 2 compared to EAs, independent of several important covariates. Also, higher HRV at time 1 significantly predicted both lower TPR and BP at time 2 among EAs only; these associations were attenuated and not significant in AAs. HRV did not significantly predict cardiac output at time 2 in the full sample or split by ethnicity. Our findings highlight that AAs show TPR mediated long-term increases in BP irrespective of resting HRV, providing a physiological pathway linking AAs with a greater risk for mortality and morbidity from hypertension and potentially other cardiovascular disease.

Education and State-Sanctioned Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Melvin Delgado
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Public Education ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Career Success ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
High School Diploma ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
Developmental Phases

The importance of education in a democracy can be measured from multiple perspectives, with those failing representing an opportunity lost with immediate and long-term ramifications. In global and technologically driven economies, education has ascended in significance to a point where a high school diploma is no longer a ticket to the middle class. Public education is a linchpin in the ultimate career success of students, with much expected of a system occupying such a prominent and extended period in their lives, daily and during key developmental phases. This chapter covers the usual urban public education and communities of color terrain. However, two pipelines will draw particular attention—school-to-prison and school-to-military—with an extension to include prison, too, highlighting state-sanctioned violence.

scholarly journals The gray matter volume of the temporoparietal junction varies across cultures: a moderating role of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinobu Kitayama ◽  
Qinggang Yu ◽  
Anthony P King ◽  
Carolyn Yoon ◽  
Israel Liberzon
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Dopamine D4 Receptor ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
European Americans ◽  
D4 Receptor

Abstract Prior work shows that compared to European Americans, East Asians show an enhanced propensity to take the perspective of another person. In the current work, we tested whether this cultural difference might be reflected in the gray matter (GM) volume of the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), a brain region selectively implicated in perspective taking and mentalizing. We also explored whether the cultural difference in the TPJ GM volume might be moderated by dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) exon 3 variable-number tandem repeat polymorphism. Structural magnetic resonance imaging of 66 European Americans and 66 East Asian-born Asians were subjected to voxel-based morphometry. It was observed that the GM volume of the right TPJ was greater among East Asians than among European Americans. Moreover, this cultural difference was significantly more pronounced among carriers of the 7- or 2-repeat allele of DRD4 than among the non-carriers of these alleles. Our findings contribute to the growing evidence that culture can shape the brain.

scholarly journals Gene by Culture Effects on Emotional Processing of Social Cues among East Asians and European Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arash Javanbakht ◽  
Steve Tompson ◽  
Shinobu Kitayama ◽  
Anthony King ◽  
Carolyn Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
East Asians ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Culture Effects

scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term and Short-Term Dual Antiplatelet Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Comparison between Asians and Non-Asians

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 652 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Jeong Ki ◽  
Jeehoon Kang ◽  
Jiesuck Park ◽  
Jung-Kyu Han ◽  
Han-Mo Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiplatelet Therapy ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Asian Studies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
East Asians ◽  
East Asian Studies

While dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is essential after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the optimal duration is affected by various factors. However, the effect of ethnicity on DAPT duration has not been fully evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the different effect of DAPT duration by ethnicity. We searched Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library, and relevant websites to search for randomized clinical trials (RCT) assessing the clinical impact of long term DAPT (L-DAPT) and short term DAPT (S-DAPT). Studies were divided by ethnicity, and we compared the efficacy and safety of DAPT duration in each ethnic group. Thirteen RCTs including 38,255 patients (five East Asian studies and eight non–East Asian studies) were eligible for analysis. For the primary outcome, L-DAPT showed a significantly lower rate of primary outcome only in non–East Asians (S-DAPT vs. L-DAPT, odds ratio (OR) = 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.32, p = 0.02), while in East Asians, the effect of S-DAPT and L-DAPT were comparable. S-DAPT significantly increased ischemic events only in non–East Asians (S-DAPT vs. L-DAPT, OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09–1.42, p <0.01), while bleeding events were decreased by S-DAPT in both ethnicities. These results demonstrate that the adequate DAPT duration after PCI may be different in East Asians.

scholarly journals A regulatory variant of CHRM3 is associated with cannabis-induced hallucinations in European Americans

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongshan Cheng ◽  
Chureerat Phokaew ◽  
Yi-Ling Chou ◽  
Dongbing Lai ◽  
Jacquelyn L. Meyers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Risk Genes ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Nominal Significance ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Regulatory Variant

AbstractCannabis, the most widely used illicit drug, can induce hallucinations. Our understanding of the biology of cannabis-induced hallucinations (Ca-HL) is limited. We used the Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) to identify cannabis-induced hallucinations (Ca-HL) among long-term cannabis users (used cannabis ≥1 year and ≥100 times). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted by analyzing European Americans (EAs) and African Americans (AAs) in Yale-Penn 1 and 2 cohorts individually, then meta-analyzing the two cohorts within population. In the meta-analysis of Yale-Penn EAs (n = 1917), one genome-wide significant (GWS) signal emerged at the CHRM3 locus, represented by rs115455482 (P = 1.66 × 10−10), rs74722579 (P = 2.81 × 10−9), and rs1938228 (P = 1.57 × 10−8); signals were GWS in Yale-Penn 1 EAs (n = 1092) and nominally significant in Yale-Penn 2 EAs (n = 825). Two SNPs, rs115455482 and rs74722579, were available from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data (COGA; 3630 long-term cannabis users). The signals did not replicate, but when meta-analyzing Yale-Penn and COGA EAs, the two SNPs’ association signals were increased (meta-P-values 1.32 × 10−10 and 2.60 × 10−9, respectively; n = 4291). There were no significant findings in AAs, but in the AA meta-analysis (n = 3624), nominal significance was seen for rs74722579. The rs115455482*T risk allele was associated with lower CHRM3 expression in the thalamus. CHRM3 was co-expressed with three psychosis risk genes (GABAG2, CHRNA4, and HRH3) in the thalamus and other human brain tissues and mouse GABAergic neurons. This work provides strong evidence for the association of CHRM3 with Ca-HL and provides insight into the potential involvement of thalamus for this trait.

Sense of Contribution Mediates Cultural Differences in Support-Seeking

2021 ◽  
pp. 106939712110326
Author(s):  
Takeshi Hashimoto ◽  
Claudia Gherghel
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
European Americans ◽  
Important Mediator ◽  
Support Seeking

Compared to European Americans, East Asians are more reluctant to seek social support when dealing with stressful events. The purpose of this study is to test three possible explanations of these cultural differences. In addition to examining both harmony seeking and rejection avoidance (two facets of interdependence reflecting relationship concerns) as possible explanations, we propose a novel explanation, namely that sense of contribution (i.e., the degree to which one contributes to other people’s well-being) may be an important mediator for explaining cultural differences in support seeking. A survey was conducted on adults living in Japan and the U.S. Results revealed that Japanese less often rely on social support, and sense of contribution significantly mediates the association between culture and support seeking. In contrast, the mediating role of both harmony seeking and rejection avoidance was not supported. The results indicate that cultural differences in support seeking may be more adequately accounted for by sense of contribution than relationship concerns.

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