Familism As a Protective Factor in Bipolar Disorder Among Hispanic Youth

Background and objectives: Bipolar disorder (BD) is one of the most burdensome psychiatric illnesses, being associated with a negative long-term outcome and the highest suicide rate. Although affective temperaments can impact on BD long-term outcome, their role remains poorly investigated. The aims of the present study are to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with BD more frequently associated with the different affective temperaments and to assess the relation between affective temperaments and severity of clinical picture in a sample of patients with BD. Materials and Methods: A total of 199 patients have been recruited in the outpatients units of two university sites. Patients’ psychiatric symptoms, affective temperaments, and quality of life were investigated through validated assessment instruments. Results: Predominant cyclothymic and irritable temperaments are associated to higher number of relapses, poorer quality of life, higher rates of aggressive behaviors, and suicide attempts. Conversely, the predominant hyperthymic disposition was a protective factor for several outcome measures, including relapse rate, severity of anxiety, depressive and manic symptoms, suicidality, and earlier age at onset. One limitationo of the present study is that the recruitment took place in two university sites; therefore, our findings cannot be fully generalized to the whole community of BD patients. Other limitations are the lack of a control group and the cross-sectional design of the study. Conclusions: The early identification of affective temperaments can help clinicians to identify those BD patients who are more likely to show a poor long-term outcome. An early screening of affective temperaments can be useful to develop targeted integrated pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.

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Cognitive reserve in neuropsychiatry

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291706007501 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (8) ◽

pp. 1053-1064 ◽

Cited By ~ 159

Author(s):

J. H. BARNETT ◽

C. H. SALMOND ◽

P. B. JONES ◽

B. J. SAHAKIAN

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Head Injury ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽

Future Studies ◽

Cognitive Failure ◽

History Of

Background. The idea that superior cognitive function acts as a protective factor against dementia and the consequences of head injury is well established. Here we suggest the hypothesis that cognitive reserve is also important in neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression.Method. We review the history of passive and active models of reserve, and apply the concept to neuropsychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia is used as an exemplar because the effects of premorbid IQ and cognitive function in this disorder have been extensively studied.Results. Cognitive reserve may impact on neuropsychiatric disorders in three ways: by affecting the risk for developing the disorder, in the expression of symptoms within disorders, and in patients' functional outcome. Cognitive failure below a certain threshold may alone, or in combination with common psychiatric symptoms, produce neuropsychiatric syndromes.Conclusions. Consideration of cognitive reserve may considerably improve our understanding of individual differences in the causes and consequences of neuropsychiatric disorders. For these reasons, the concept of cognitive reserve should be incorporated in future studies of neuropsychiatric disorder. It may be possible to enhance cognitive reserve through pharmacological or non-pharmacological means, such as education, neurocognitive activation or other treatment programmes.

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Religiosity as a protective factor for suicidality among inpatients with bipolar disorder

Asian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102875 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 102875

Author(s):

Carolina Olmos ◽

Teresa Pigott ◽

Jair C. Soares ◽

Marsal Sanches

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Protective Factor

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T27. COGNITIVE RESERVE IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT OFFSPRING OF PATIENTS DIANOSED WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA OR BIPOLAR DISORDER

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.587 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S241-S242

Author(s):

Elena De la Serna ◽

Patricia Camprodon-Boadas ◽

Gisela Sugranyes ◽

Carla Torrent ◽

Brisa Sole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

High Risk ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Prodromal Symptoms ◽

Neuropsychological Variables

Abstract Background Cognitive Reserve (CR) is defined as the ability of the brain to cope and deal with physiological or pathological brain injuries. In the field of psychiatry, higher levels of CR have been associated with lower levels of psychotic symptoms, higher psycho-social functioning and higher cognitive performance, suggesting that CR should be considered as a protective factor (Barnett et al., 2006; Amoretti et al., 2016). This study aims to compare CR levels in a sample of adolescents and young adult offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder who are at high risk of developing these disorders (HR) and compared them with a group of healthy controls (HC). We also assess the utility of CR in predicting clinical and cognitive variables. Methods Participants were 85 HR and 45 HC. A CR proxy was calculated based on premorbid IQ, socio-occupational attainment and social activities. Clinical assessment included: the Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Neuropsychological assessment included: Working Memory, Processing Speed, Verbal Memory, attention and executive functioning. A factorial analysis was conducted in order to obtain a single CR measure. Differences between groups in CR were assessed via MANCOVA and linear regressions were conducted to check the effectiveness of CR in predicting clinical and neuropsychological variables. Results No significant differences were observed in age or gender between HR and HC groups. Socioeconomic status was lower in HR subjects (F=8.100, p=0.005).CR was significantly lower in the HR group than in the HC group (F=17.522; p<0.001). Moreover, the CR proxy was able to correctly classify 72.7% of the sample as either HR or HC. Our proxy was able to predict the following clinical variables in the HR group: negative (F=9.269; p=0.002), and total (F=7.290; p=0.009) prodromal symptoms, the YMRS (F=11.597; P<0.001) and the HDRS (F=12.761; p<0.001). In terms of neuropsychological variables, RC predicted WM (F=9.738; p=0.003), PS (F=4.557; p=0.037) and verbal memory [immediate (F=6.999; p=0.010) and delayed recall (F=10.990; P=0.002)] in the HR sample. Discussion HR subjects have lower CR than controls. CR is associated with clinical and neuropsychological variables. To our knowledge no previous studies have assessed CR in high risk samples. Nevertheless, studies conducted in adult first episode psychotic samples have shown an association between CR and the severity of symptoms.

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Clinical Features of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder Depressive Episodes With Mixed Features

10.21203/rs.3.rs-306630/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hong Wang ◽

Yan-Xia Xiao ◽

Jing-Ge Du ◽

Xia Du ◽

Lin Chen

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Major Depressive Disorder ◽

Depressive Disorder ◽

Marital Status ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Onset Age ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Mixed Features ◽

Depressive Episodes

Abstract Background: To investigate the clinical phenomenology and clinical features of the new concept of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder depressive episodes with mixed features.Methods: A total of 357 patients with major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder depressive episodes were assessed, we compared the differences of clinical features with or without mixed features.Results: According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria, the overall prevalence of mixed features was 9.52% (34/357) in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder depressive episodes; specifically, the prevalence was 6.0% in major depressive disorder and 23.3% in bipolar disorder depressive episodes. Compared with the non-mixed features group, the mixed features group had more single individuals (P=0.002), earlier onset age (P=0.003), more patients with an onset age <25 years (P=0.001), and more previous incidences and prior hospitalizations (P<0.001, P=0.004, respectively), and fewer melancholic features (P=0.013).Logistic regression analysis showed that marital status (OR=0.237) and previous incidence (OR=1.478) was associated with mixed features.Conclusion: It indicates that previous incidence may be a risk factor of in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder depressive episodes with mixed features, and marital status may be a protective factor.

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The joint development of externalizing and internalizing behaviors in black and Hispanic youth and the link to late adolescent substance use

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579420001881 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Megan Bears Augustyn ◽

Celia J. Fulco ◽

Della Agbeke ◽

Kimberly L. Henry

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Latent Class ◽

Externalizing Behaviors ◽

Latent Class Models ◽

Internalizing Behaviors ◽

Hispanic Youth ◽

Late Adolescent ◽

Joint Development ◽

Moderate Growth

Abstract There is a need to understand how the joint development of externalizing and internalizing behaviors is related to substance use, particularly among historically understudied and often disadvantaged populations. Latent class models were used to estimate patterns of externalizing behaviors and internalizing behaviors in the form of depressive and anxious symptoms from age 6 to 14 among 390 Black and Hispanic youth. Then, growth curve models of substance use between the ages of 15 and 19 were estimated as a function of joint latent class membership. Only elevated levels of externalizing behaviors were associated with higher levels of substance use through age 18. Internalizing behaviors appeared to serve as a protective factor among those with moderate displays of externalizing behavior only. Additionally, growth in substance use from ages 15 to 19 was slower among those who displayed the highest level of externalizing behaviors, and internalizing behaviors appeared to moderate growth (and serve as protective factor) among those who displayed moderate levels of externalizing behaviors. The findings underscore the importance of pattern profiles based on observations of the joint development of problem behaviors to assess risk for substance use, particularly in understudied populations where risk/protective factors may operate in a unique manner.

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