Food Avoidance in Hungry Monkeys

Abstract Background Diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviours, and sleep time are considered major contributory factors of the increased prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. The aims of this study were to (1) identify behavioural clusters of 5 year old children based on lifestyle behaviours, (2) explore potential determinants of class membership, and (3) to determine if class membership was associated with body measure outcomes at 5 years of age. Methods Data on eating behaviour, engagement in active play, TV watching, and sleep duration in 1229 5 year old children from the Cork BASELINE birth cohort study was obtained through in-person interviews with parent. Latent class analysis was used to identify behavioural clusters. Potential determinants of cluster membership were investigated using multinomial logistic regression. Associations between the identified classes and cardio metabolic body measures were examined using multivariate logistic and linear regression, with cluster membership used as the independent variable. Results 51% of children belonged to a normative class, while 28% of children were in a class characterised by high scores on food avoidance scales in combination with low enjoyment of food, and 20% experienced high scores on the food approach scales. Children in both these classes had lower conditional probabilities of engaging in active play for at least 1 hour per day and sleeping for a minimum of 10 h, and higher probability of watching TV for 2 hours or more, compared to the normative class. Low socioeconomic index (SEI) and no breastfeeding at 2 months were found to be associated with membership of the class associated with high scores on the food avoidance scale, while lower maternal education was associated with the class defined by high food approach scores. Children in the class with high scores on the food approach scales had higher fat mass index (FMI), lean mass index (LMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) compared to the normative class, and were at greater risk of overweight and obesity. Conclusion Findings suggest that eating behaviour appeared to influence overweight and obesity risk to a greater degree than activity levels at 5 years old. Further research of how potentially obesogenic behaviours in early life track over time and influence adiposity and other cardio metabolic outcomes is crucial to inform the timing of interventions.

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Feeding and eating problems in children and adolescents with autism: A scoping review

Autism ◽

10.1177/1362361321995631 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136236132199563

Author(s):

Jessica Baraskewich ◽

Kristin M von Ranson ◽

Adam McCrimmon ◽

Carly A McMorris

Keyword(s):

Body Image ◽

Eating Disorder ◽

Food Presentation ◽

Eating Problems ◽

Feeding Problems ◽

Picky Eating ◽

Food Avoidance ◽

Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽

Almost All ◽

Specific Food

Feeding problems, such as picky eating and food avoidance, are common in youth with autism. Other feeding and eating problems (e.g. disordered eating, fear of trying new foods, and insistence on specific food presentation) are also common in this population. This scoping review describes the nature and extent of feeding and eating problems in autistic youth and reports characteristics of autistic youth who experience such issues. Thirty-four studies were included in the current review, with almost all studies (91%) investigating feeding problems. Only 9% of studies examined concern with weight, shape, and/or body image, but several authors noted that disordered eating attitudes and behaviors may occur more frequently in those with autism than their peers without autism. No common individual characteristics (e.g. cognitive functioning and autism symptom severity) were identified for youth who experience feeding or eating problems. Although differentiating “feeding” from “eating” problems is critical for accurate identification and treatment of these issues, the existing literature has failed to do so. We propose that in future research “eating problems” be used when behaviors involve preoccupation with food, eating, or body image, and “feeding problems” be used when such preoccupation is absent. Lay abstract Feeding problems, such as picky eating and food avoidance, are common in youth with autism. Other, broader difficulties with feeding and eating (eating disorder symptoms such as restricting food intake or preoccupation with body shape or weight and insistence on specific food presentation) are also common in autistic individuals. Here, we describe the nature and extent of feeding and eating problems in youth with autism. We found no common characteristics (such as severity of autism symptoms) that best describe autistic youth who experience problems with feeding or eating. Almost all studies we reviewed focused on problems with feeding (selective or picky eating), and only a few studies focused on eating disorder symptoms (concern with weight, shape, and/or body image). However, some researchers reported that eating disorder symptoms may occur more often in autistic individuals compared to their peers without autism. Many studies used the terms “feeding” and “eating” problems interchangeably, but understanding the difference between these problems is important for researchers to be consistent, as well as for proper identification and treatment. We suggest future researchers use “eating problems” when behaviors involve preoccupation with food, eating, or body image, and “feeding problems” when this preoccupation is absent. We highlight the importance of understanding whether feeding or eating problems are separate from autism traits, and the role of caregivers and other adults in the child’s treatment. Considerations for health-care providers to assist with diagnosis and treatment are also provided.

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Fr235 THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN QUALITY OF LIFE, FOOD AVOIDANCE, AND MALADAPTIVE EATING BEHAVIORS IN ADULTS WITH CELIAC DISEASE. PRELIMINARY RESULTS.

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(21)01378-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 160 (6) ◽

pp. S-272

Author(s):

Anne R. Lee ◽

Janet Schebendach ◽

Yara Gholmie ◽

Randi L. Wolf ◽

Jessica Lebovits ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Celiac Disease ◽

Eating Behaviors ◽

Food Avoidance ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Maladaptive Eating

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Escape Swim Network Interneurons Have Diverse Roles in Behavioral Switching and Putative Arousal in Pleurobranchaea

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.2000.83.3.1346 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 1346-1355 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Jian Jing ◽

Rhanor Gillette

Keyword(s):

Escape Response ◽

Motor Output ◽

Pedal Ganglion ◽

Command Neurons ◽

Food Avoidance ◽

Sea Slug ◽

Behavioral Switching ◽

Arousal System ◽

Direct Suppression ◽

Stimulation Of

Escape swimming in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea is a dominant behavior that overrides feeding, a behavioral switch caused by swim-induced inhibition of feeding command neurons. We have now found distinct roles for the different swim interneurons in acute suppression of feeding during the swim and in a longer-term stimulation of excitability in the feeding network. The identified pattern-generating swim neurons A1, A3, A10, and their follower interneuron A-ci1, suppress feeding motor output partly by excitation of the I1 feeding interneurons, which monosynaptically inhibit both the feeding command neurons, PCP, PSE, and other major interneurons, the I2s. This mechanism exerts broad inhibition of the feeding network suitable to an escape response; broader than feeding suppression in learned and satiation-induced food avoidance and acting through a different presynaptic pathway. Four intrinsic neuromodulatory neurons of the swim network, the serotonergic As1–4, add little to direct suppression of feeding. Rather, they monosynaptically excite the serotonergic metacerebral giant (MCG) neurons of the feeding network, themselves intrinsic neuromodulators of feeding, as well as a cluster of adjacent serotonergic feeding neurons, with both fast and slow EPSPs. They also provide mild neuromodulatory excitation of the PCP/PSE feeding command neurons, and I1 and I2 feeding interneurons, which is masked by inhibition during the swim. As1–4 also excite the serotonergic pedal ganglion G neurons for creeping locomotion. These observations further delineate the nature of the putative serotonergic arousal system of gastropods and suggest a central coordinating role to As1–4.

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Eating behaviour of male racing jockeys

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700013131 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 249-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Michael B. King ◽

Gillian Mezey

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Response Rate ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Eating Attitudes Test ◽

Food Avoidance ◽

Population Mean ◽

Appetite Suppressants ◽

The Mean ◽

The Relationship

SynopsisJockeys based in racing stables in the Newmarket and Epsom areas of England were screened using the 26-item Eating Attitudes Test. The mean score of the EAT was 14·9, significantly above that reported for males in other studies. The response rate was poor, but 10 jockeys agreed to a full psychiatric and eating interview. The majority of jockeys interviewed reported food avoidance, the use of saunas, and the abuse of laxatives. Diuretics and appetite suppressants were also used. Bingeing was common, but self-induced vomiting was unusual. Current weights were 13% below, and the lowest reported weights 21% below, matched population mean weights. The relationship between these forms of eating behaviour and clinical eating disorders is discussed.

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Mechanism for food avoidance learning in the central pattern generator of feeding behavior of Pleurobranchae californica

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.83.11.4058 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 83 (11) ◽

pp. 4058-4062 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

J. A. London ◽

R. Gillette

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Central Pattern Generator ◽

Avoidance Learning ◽

Pattern Generator ◽

Food Avoidance

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Food Avoidance Learning in Squirrel Monkeys and Common Marmosets

Learning & Memory ◽

10.1101/lm.5.3.193 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 193-203

Author(s):

Matthias Laska ◽

Karin Metzker

Keyword(s):

Avoidance Learning ◽

Visual Cues ◽

Squirrel Monkeys ◽

Olfactory Cues ◽

Saimiri Sciureus ◽

Common Marmosets ◽

Food Avoidance ◽

Robust Learning ◽

Olfactory Cue ◽

Potential Food

Using a conditioned food avoidance learning paradigm, six squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and six common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were tested for their ability to (1) reliably form associations between visual or olfactory cues of a potential food and its palatability and (2) remember such associations over prolonged periods of time. We found (1) that at the group level both species showed one-trial learning with the visual cues color and shape, whereas only the marmosets were able to do so with the olfactory cue, (2) that all individuals from both species learned to reliably avoid the unpalatable food items within 10 trials, (3) a tendency in both species for quicker acquisition of the association with the visual cues compared with the olfactory cue, (4) a tendency for quicker acquisition and higher reliability of the aversion by the marmosets compared with the squirrel monkeys, and (5) that all individuals from both species were able to reliably remember the significance of the visual cues, color and shape, even after 4 months, whereas only the marmosets showed retention of the significance of the olfactory cues for up to 4 weeks. Furthermore, the results suggest that in both species tested, illness is not a necessary prerequisite for food avoidance learning but that the presumably innate rejection responses toward highly concentrated but nontoxic bitter and sour tastants are sufficient to induce robust learning and retention.

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Clinical Features of Wheat Allergy Are Significantly Different between Tri a 14 Sensitized Patients and Tri a 19 Sensitized Ones

International Archives of Allergy and Immunology ◽

10.1159/000520936 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Elide Anna Pastorello ◽

Alessandro Toscano ◽

Giuseppe Scibilia ◽

Chrysi Stafylaraki ◽

Carlo Maria Rossi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Exercise ◽

Clinical Features ◽

Food Challenge ◽

Cross Reactivity ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Wheat Allergy ◽

Inverse Relation ◽

Food Avoidance ◽

High Consumption ◽

Clinical Pictures

Introduction: Wheat is the most important cereal for human nutrition but its high consumption is associated to an increasing complaint of wheat-related disorders, many of which are allergic in nature and different in respect to the involved allergens. In this study, we compared the clinical aspects of wheat allergy presented by patients sensitized to Tri a 19 in respect to those presented by patients sensitized to Tri a 14. Methods: With this aim, we selected patients sensitized to 1 or both of the 2 allergens, and among these we identified those who were really wheat allergic and reactive on the basis of a standardized methodology. We evaluated the clinical features such as the kind and severity of symptoms, the coexistence of triggering factors such as physical exercise and NSAIDs and alcohol consumption, and the association with other allergens and with various immunologic parameters. Wheat allergy in Tri a 19 sensitized patients was confirmed through a questionnaire while the patients sensitized to Tri a 14 underwent wheat challenge with 100 g of pasta followed by exercise on a treadmill. Results: Seventy-nine patients sensitized to Tri a 14 and 40 patients sensitized to Tri a 19 were recruited. The 2 sensitizations were independent with a significant inverse relation (p < 0.00001). The Tri a 19 sensitized patients presented, in respect to the Tri a 14 sensitized ones, an older age (p = 0.0017), a higher risk to be wheat allergic (p < 0.0001), a higher severity of the reactions (p < 0.00001) and a higher association with some cofactors, namely alcohol (p < 0.0005) and physical exercise (p = 0.003). On the contrary, Tri a 14 sensitization was associated with atopy (p < 0.0001), with a higher probability of patients being asymptomatic (p < 0.0001) and being sensitized to other foods, in particular to nuts and cereals (p < 0.00001). Conclusions: Sensitization to Tri a 19 or Tri a 14 determines different clinical pictures. In particular, sensitization to Tri a 19 implies a higher probability of severe reactions, even dependent on daily triggers, while that to Tri a 14 implies a higher cross-reactivity with other foods but it’s more frequently asymptomatic, making a food challenge necessary to prevent useless food avoidance.

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