Cognitive appraisal contributes to feeling generation through emotional evidence accumulation rate: Evidence from instructed fictional reappraisal.

Emotion ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ella Singer-Landau ◽  
Nachshon Meiran
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Appraisal ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Evidence Accumulation

scholarly journals Dissociable influences of reward and punishment on adaptive cognitive control

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1009737
Author(s):  
Xiamin Leng ◽  
Debbie Yee ◽  
Harrison Ritz ◽  
Amitai Shenhav
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Response Threshold ◽  
Control Allocation ◽  
Performance Incentives ◽  
Normative Model ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Rate Versus ◽  
Potential Negative Consequence

To invest effort into any cognitive task, people must be sufficiently motivated. Whereas prior research has focused primarily on how the cognitive control required to complete these tasks is motivated by the potential rewards for success, it is also known that control investment can be equally motivated by the potential negative consequence for failure. Previous theoretical and experimental work has yet to examine how positive and negative incentives differentially influence the manner and intensity with which people allocate control. Here, we develop and test a normative model of control allocation under conditions of varying positive and negative performance incentives. Our model predicts, and our empirical findings confirm, that rewards for success and punishment for failure should differentially influence adjustments to the evidence accumulation rate versus response threshold, respectively. This dissociation further enabled us to infer how motivated a given person was by the consequences of success versus failure.

scholarly journals Piecewise constant averaging methods allow for fast and accurate hierarchical Bayesian estimation of drift diffusion models with time-varying evidence accumulation rates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaia Lombardi ◽  
Todd Hare
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Piecewise Constant ◽  
Evidence Accumulation

Computational models of neurons and behavior are key tools in the feedback cycle between theory development, experimentation, and data analysis.The drift diffusion model (DDM) and other types of sequential sampling models have proven to be useful ways of quantifying and characterizing individual differences and the effects of experimental manipulations on various types of behavior in humans and other animals.To date, partially for the sake of simplicity, most modeling studies have assumed a constant rate of evidence accumulation when fitting the data and testing theoretical predictions.Nevertheless, there are a growing number of theories and empirical data that suggest that evidence accumulation rates may vary within the time course of a decision because of changes in attention, arousal, goals, or other factors. Fitting a DDM with a time-varying evidence accumulation rate can be much more computationally demanding and time consuming than fitting the standard DDM if there is no analytical solution for the time-varying DDM.Here, we demonstrate how to mathematically reformulate an influential subset of time-varying DDMs into standard DDMs with constant drift rates. This simple yet powerful reformulation allows time-varying DDMs with piecewise-constant drift rates to be easily and rapidly estimated within existing hierarchical Bayesian frameworks.We show detailed examples of this process using data from both computer simulations and humans in two separate empirical studies. Our results demonstrate that the method can quickly and accurately recover parameters from simulations and fit hierarchical Bayesian models to real data.

scholarly journals Inter-trial effects in visual pop-out search: Factorial comparison of Bayesian updating models

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Allenmark ◽  
Hermann J. Müller ◽  
Zhuanghua Shi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Decision Bias ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Starting Point

AbstractMany previous studies on visual search have reported inter-trial effects, that is, observers respond faster when some target property, such as a defining feature or dimension, or the response associated with the target repeats versus changes across consecutive trial episodes. However, what processes drive these inter-trial effects is still controversial. Here, we investigated this question using a combination of Bayesian modeling of belief updating and evidence accumulation modeling in perceptual decision-making. In three visual singleton (‘pop-out’) search experiments, we explored how the probability of the response-critical states of the search display (e.g., target presence/absence) and the repetition/switch of the target-defining dimension (color/ orientation) affect reaction time distributions. The results replicated the mean reaction time (RT) inter-trial and dimension repetition/switch effects that have been reported in previous studies. Going beyond this, to uncover the underlying mechanisms, we used the Drift-Diffusion Model (DDM) and the Linear Approach to Threshold with Ergodic Rate (LATER) model to explain the RT distributions in terms of decision bias (starting point) and information processing speed (evidence accumulation rate). We further investigated how these different aspects of the decision-making process are affected by different properties of stimulus history, giving rise to dissociable inter-trial effects. We approached this question by (i) combining each perceptual decision making model (DDM or LATER) with different updating models, each specifying a plausible rule for updating of either the starting point or the rate, based on stimulus history, and (ii) comparing every possible combination of trial-wise updating mechanism and perceptual decision model in a factorial model comparison. Consistently across experiments, we found that the (recent) history of the response-critical property influences the initial decision bias, while repetition/switch of the target-defining dimension affects the accumulation rate, likely reflecting an implicit ‘top-down’ modulation process. This provides strong evidence of a disassociation between response- and dimension-based inter-trial effects.

Role of Peripheral Vision in Brake Reaction Time During Safety Critical Events

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 695-699
Author(s):  
Abhijit Sarkar ◽  
Hananeh Alambeigi ◽  
Anthony McDonald ◽  
Gustav Markkula ◽  
Jeff Hickman
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Peripheral Vision ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Event Data ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Light Onset ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Lead Vehicle

The criticality of a rear end event depends on the brake reaction time (BRT) of the driver. Therefore, distracted driving poses greater threat in such events. Evidence accumulation model (EAM) that uses looming of the lead vehicle as main stimuli has shown significant success in estimating drivers’ BR Ts. It is often argued that drivers collect evidence for braking through peripheral vision, especially during off-road glances, and transition to forward. In this work, we have modeled evidence accumulation as a function of gaze eccentricity for off-road glances while approaching safety critical events. The model is tested with real world crash and near crash event data from SHRP2 naturalistic study. Our model shows that linear relation between gaze eccentricity and evidence accumulation rate during off road glances helps to improve EAM estimation in predicting BRT. We have also shown that brake-light onset does not influence EAM in presence of active looming.

scholarly journals Age-related response speed deficits arise from specific impairments in sensory evidence accumulation rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meadhbh B. Brosnan ◽  
Megan H O'Neill ◽  
Gerard M Loughnane ◽  
Daniel J Pearce ◽  
Bryce Fleming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sensory Evidence

Older adults exposed to enriched environments (EE) maintain relatively higher levels of cognitive function, even in the face of compromised markers of brain health. Response speed (RS) is often used as a simple proxy to measure the preservation of global cognitive function in older adults. However, it is unknown which specific sensory, decision, and/or motor processes provide the most specific indices of neurocognitive health. Here, using a simple decision task with electroencephalography (EEG), we found that the efficiency with which an individual accumulates sensory evidence was a critical determinant of the extent to which RS was preserved in older adults. Moreover, the mitigating influence of EE on age-related RS declines was most pronounced when evidence accumulation rates were shallowest. Our results suggest that EEG metrics of evidence accumulation may index neurocognitive vulnerability of the ageing brain.

Psychological Adjustment of Melanoma Survivors

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hamama-Raz ◽  
Z. Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Cognitive Appraisal ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Personal Resources ◽  
Secure Attachment ◽  
Ample Evidence

The study examines the contributions of hardiness, attachment style, and cognitive appraisal to the psychological adjustment of 300 survivors of malignant melanoma: The findings show that the survivors' adjustment is by far better predicted by their personal resources and cognitive appraisal than by their sociodemographic features (with the exception of marital status) and features of their illness. Of all the variables, their adjustment was best predicted by their attachment style, with secure attachment making for greater well-being and less distress. These findings add to the ample evidence that personal resources help persons to cope with stressful or traumatic events.

Towards a Validation of Multiple Features in the Assessment of Emotions

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Skiffington ◽  
Ephrem Fernandez ◽  
Ken McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cognitive Appraisal ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
The Self ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multiple Features ◽  
Action Tendency ◽  
Intensity Range

This study extends previous attempts to assess emotion with single adjective descriptors, by examining semantic as well as cognitive, motivational, and intensity features of emotions. The focus was on seven negative emotions common to several emotion typologies: anger, fear, sadness, shame, pity, jealousy, and contempt. For each of these emotions, seven items were generated corresponding to cognitive appraisal about the self, cognitive appraisal about the environment, action tendency, action fantasy, synonym, antonym, and intensity range of the emotion, respectively. A pilot study established that 48 of the 49 items were linked predominantly to the specific emotions as predicted. The main data set comprising 700 subjects' ratings of relatedness between items and emotions was subjected to a series of factor analyses, which revealed that 44 of the 49 items loaded on the emotion constructs as predicted. A final factor analysis of these items uncovered seven factors accounting for 39% of the variance. These emergent factors corresponded to the hypothesized emotion constructs, with the exception of anger and fear, which were somewhat confounded. These findings lay the groundwork for the construction of an instrument to assess emotions multicomponentially.

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