Supplemental Material for The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gender-Based Violence in the United States: Framework and Policy Recommendations

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Impact

Sexual Harassment in the Academy: Harnessing the Growing Labor Movement in Higher Education to Address Sexual Harassment Against Graduate Workers

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780122110357
Author(s):  
Erin O’Callaghan ◽  
Veronica Shepp ◽  
Anne Kirkner ◽  
Katherine Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Labor Movement ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Wage Work ◽  
Power Differentials ◽  
Gender Based

Higher education is not immune to the epidemic of sexual harassment in the United States, particularly sexual harassment of graduate workers. This is due largely to power differentials of status and income, as academia relies on low-wage work. While the literature shows sexual harassment is prevalent across disciplines, current work to address the problem does not account for graduate worker precarity. The graduate labor movement, which addresses precarity, is beginning to tackle sexual harassment. We review how the labor and anti-gender-based violence movements in higher education should come together to prevent sexual harassment, presenting recommendations for structural changes to academia.

Collaborating for Change

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Community Organizations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Safe Environment ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Recent Attention

In the midst of unprecedented attention to gender-based violence (GBV) globally, prompted in part by the #MeToo movement, this book provides a new analysis of how higher education cultures can be transformed. It offers reflections from faculty, staff, and students about how change has happened and could happen on their campuses in ways that go beyond implementation of programs and policies. Building on what is already known from decades of scholarship and practice in the United States, and more recent attention elsewhere, this book provides an interdisciplinary, international overview of attempts to transform higher education cultures to eradicate GBV. Change happens because people act, usually with others. At the heart of transformative efforts lie collaborations between faculty, staff, students, activists, and community organizations. The contributors to the book reflect on what makes for constructive, effective collaborations and how to avoid the common mistakes in working with others to end GBV. They consider what has worked to challenge the reluctance—or outright hostility—they have encountered in their work against GBV and how their collaborations have succeeded in transforming the ways GBV is considered and dealt with. The chapters focus on experiences in Canada, the United States, England, Scotland, France, and India to examine different approaches to tackling GBV in higher education. They reveal the cultural variations in which GBV occurs as well as the similarities across cultures. Together, they demonstrate that, to make higher education a safe environment for all, nothing short of a transformation is required.

Gender-Based Violence Against Transgender People in the United States: A Call for Research and Programming

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Wirtz ◽  
Tonia C. Poteat ◽  
Mannat Malik ◽  
Nancy Glass
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Stigma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Nonconformity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

Gender-based violence (GBV) is an umbrella term for any harm that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that results from power inequalities based on gender roles. Most global estimates of GBV implicitly refer only to the experiences of cisgender, heterosexually identified women, which often comes at the exclusion of transgender and gender nonconforming (trans) populations. Those who perpetrate violence against trans populations often target gender nonconformity, gender expression or identity, and perceived sexual orientation and thus these forms of violence should be considered within broader discussions of GBV. Nascent epidemiologic research suggests a high burden of GBV among trans populations, with an estimated prevalence that ranges from 7% to 89% among trans populations and subpopulations. Further, 165 trans persons have been reported murdered in the United States between 2008 and 2016. GBV is associated with multiple poor health outcomes and has been broadly posited as a component of syndemics, a term used to describe an interaction of diseases with underlying social forces, concomitant with limited prevention and response programs. The interaction of social stigma, inadequate laws, and punitive policies as well as a lack of effective GBV programs limits access to and use of GBV prevention and response programs among trans populations. This commentary summarizes the current body of research on GBV among trans populations and highlights areas for future research, intervention, and policy.

scholarly journals Experiences of gender-based violence in women asylum seekers from Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim A. Baranowski ◽  
Eileen Wang ◽  
Megan R. D'Andrea ◽  
Elizabeth K. Singer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Psychological Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based

Introduction: Every year, thousands of women flee gender-based violence in Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala (sometimes collectively referred to as the Northern Triangle) in an attempt to seek asylum in the United States. Once in the United States, their legal teams may refer them for a psychological evaluation as part of their application for asylum. Licensed clinicians conduct in-depth interviews in order to document the psychological impact of the reported human rights violations. Method: Using archival de-identified data from a human rights program, this study gathered the experiences of gender-based violence reported by 70 asylum-seeking women from Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala who participated in pro bono psychological evaluation. Descriptive data were analyzed using a modified consensual qualitative research (CQR-M) method.Results: These asylum seekers reported exposure to systemic violence, including severe intimate partner violence, as well as physical and sexual assaults, and threats of death by organized criminal groups in their communities. Additionally, over a third of women reported experiences of violence during their migration. The majority of asylum seekers endorsed symptoms associated with anxiety (80%) and depression (91%), as well as trauma-and stressor-related symptoms (80%). Discussion: The results of this study elucidate the manyforms of gender-based violence experienced by women in this region, the physical and psychological sequelae of this persecution, and the systemic forces that prevent them from remaining in their countries of origin. The research results also highlight the potential impact of trauma on the women’s ability to testify effectively during asylum legal hearings, elucidate factors that may contribute to their resilience in light of the human rights violations they survived, and suggest implications for clinical practice.

Inter-sibling violence as a mechanism of hegemony: retrospective accounts from a non-binary and LGBTQ+ sample in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Martinez ◽  
Courtney McDonald
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Sibling Violence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control

Gender-based violence refers to the violence that gendered individuals, typically women and girls, experience due to patriarchal systems of inequality which position woman and girls as objects of discipline and control. One patriarchal system, the nuclear family, is particularly prone to gender inequality and thus violence. This article engages in a theory-building exercise to explain the gendering of violence as it occurs within inter-sibling relationships. More specifically, it posits that inter-sibling violence serves as a mechanism of heteromasculine hegemony. The authors analysed the retrospective accounts of 31 non-binary and LGBTQ+ individuals’ experiences with inter-sibling violence, focusing on gender within the family in the United States. Data suggest that women and non-binary assigned female at birth (AFAB) individuals are at greater risk for inter-sibling violence than men, although those assigned male at birth (AMAB) may also be at risk if they exhibit subordinate masculinities in childhood. The study highlights how gender-based violence permeates throughout family relationships, including those between siblings.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Gender-based violence extends into sibling relationships.</li><br /><li>Experiences with inter-sibling violence differ in important ways for transgender and gender non-binary individuals.</li><br /><li>Inter-sibling violence is a gender-based violence and serves as a mechanism of hegemony.</li></ul>

Transformative justice and restorative justice: Gender-based violence and alternative visions of justice in the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 026975802097041
Author(s):  
Mimi E. Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Restorative Justice ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Transformative Justice ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Gender Based

In the United States, the contemporary feminist movement against gender-based violence started in the early 1970s, just as ideologies and policies supporting mass criminalization launched what became a five-fold rise in U.S. rates of incarceration. Since the new millennium, people of color have taken the lead in re-envisioning fundamental notions of justice given the dramatic backdrop of mass incarceration and the recent upsurge in prison abolitionist possibilities. Central to this reformulation has been a social justice critique that recognizes the intersection of gender-based violence and other forms of interpersonal violence with the violence of the state, most concentrated within U.S. carceral institutions. While the U.S. roots of violence as well as resistance to this violence extend back to the earliest days of colonial occupation, the contemporary manifestation of the anti-violence struggle has taken on the labels of restorative justice and, more recently, transformative justice. This conceptual paper relies upon historical analysis of the contemporary anti-violence movement, secondary legal literature, and insider social movement knowledge to trace recent trends in the movement to redefine notions of justice in its application to gender-based violence, the contrasting trajectories of restorative justice and transformative justice, and the liberatory vision and practices of transformative justice.

Masculinity Threat, “Incel” Traits, and Violent Fantasies Among Heterosexual Men in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-298
Author(s):  
Maria N. Scaptura ◽  
Kaitlin M. Boyle
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Masculinity Threat ◽  
Social Liberalism ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Shed Light

The current study aims to shed light on how masculinity threat and challenges from women translate into fantasies of mass and gender-based violence. These attitudes are evident among some self-proclaimed “incels,” who blame social liberalism, feminism, and sexually active men for their rejection from women. We developed a measure of “incel” traits, which was administered in an online self-report survey of 18- to 30-year-old heterosexual men in the United States. As hypothesized, stress in one’s inability to live up to norms of masculinity and endorsement of “incel” traits are associated with violent fantasies about rape and using powerful weapons against enemies.

scholarly journals Financial Inclusion, Saving and Borrowing Behaviors in the United Arab Emirates and the United States: A Comparative Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Niankara ◽  
Riham Muqattash
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Bivariate Model ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Saving Decisions ◽  
The Impact

This paper highlights the impact of financial inclusion on individuals&rsquo; borrowing and saving decisions in the United States and the United Arab Emirates. It does so, using data from the 2014 Global Financial Inclusion database, and an empirical strategy consisting of first testing the significance of the joint bivariate model over its binary conterparts using the Lagrange multiplier test, followed by a contrast between the fully-parametric and semi-parametric specifications of the saving and borrowing equations. Based on model performance measures, the semi-parametric bivariate probit specification is identified as a better framework for describing the two processes of saving and borrowing, with a correlation coefficient of 12.3%. Although no significant difference exists between UAE and US residents in borrowing behavior, we find that US residents are 31.4% more likely to save than their UAE counterparts. In addition, and in line with the Permanent Income Hypothesis, the results reveal the absence of an income based saving or borrowing gradient in the two countries. Conversely, we found the prevalence of a gender based saving (12.4%) and borrowing (13.8%) inequality in favor of the male gender. Furthermore, access to a bank account and a debit card, companies policy of direct wage and salary transfer, and government transfer programs with direct deposit options are all financial inclusion strategies that are found to significantly raise the likelihood of saving and borrowing. As such, companies with payroll practices based on cash or physical paycheck issuing, especially in the US, should revise such policy to create more financial inclusion, and thereby more saving potential which in turn would contribute to further borrowing, investment and growth of the national economy.

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