scholarly journals Ixodes scapularis salivary gland protein P11 facilitates migration of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from the tick gut to salivary glands

EMBO Reports ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1196-1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Sukanya Narasimhan ◽  
Jianfeng Dai ◽  
Lili Zhang ◽  
Gong Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Salivary Gland Protein

scholarly journals Exploring the sialome of the tick Ixodes scapularis

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (18) ◽  
pp. 2843-2864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus G. Valenzuela ◽  
Ivo M. B. Francischetti ◽  
Van My Pham ◽  
Mark K. Garfield ◽  
Thomas N. Mather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Cdna Library ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Novel Proteins ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Histamine Binding

SUMMARY To attempt description of the set of mRNA and protein (sialome) expressed in the salivary glands of the tick Ixodes scapularis, we randomly sequenced 735 clones of a full-length salivary gland cDNA library of this arthropod and performed Edman degradation of protein bands from salivary gland homogenates (SGH) and saliva separated by SDS-PAGE. The sequences were grouped into 410 clusters, of which 383 are not associated with known I. scapularis sequences. 15- and 17-protein bands from PAGE yielded amino-terminal information on the saliva and salivary gland gels,respectively. We attributed 19 of these sequences to translation products of the cDNA library. Full-length sequences were obtained for 87 clones. Among these protein sequences are several protease inhibitors of distinct classes,metalloproteases, novel proteins with histamine-binding domains, and several peptide families of unknown function displaying different conserved cysteine residues, many of which contain single Kunitz domains. This work provides information into the diversity of messages expressed in the salivary glands of I. scapularis, describes novel sequences that may be responsible for known biological activites, indicates further biological activities that may be present in I. scapularis saliva and identifies novel vaccine targets that may be used in Lyme disease prevention.

scholarly journals An Ixodes scapularis protein required for survival of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in tick salivary glands

2006 ◽  
Vol 203 (6) ◽  
pp. 1507-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu Sukumaran ◽  
Sukanya Narasimhan ◽  
John F. Anderson ◽  
Kathleen DePonte ◽  
Nancy Marcantonio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
United States ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
Specific Requirement ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Tick Salivary Glands

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the agent of human anaplasmosis, the second most common tick-borne illness in the United States. This pathogen, which is closely related to obligate intracellular organisms in the genera Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma, persists in ticks and mammalian hosts; however, the mechanisms for survival in the arthropod are not known. We now show that A. phagocytophilum induces expression of the Ixodes scapularis salp16 gene in the arthropod salivary glands during vector engorgement. RNA interference–mediated silencing of salp16 gene expression interfered with the survival of A. phagocytophilum that entered ticks fed on A. phagocytophilum–infected mice. A. phagocytophilum migrated normally from A. phagocytophilum–infected mice to the gut of engorging salp16-deficient ticks, but up to 90% of the bacteria that entered the ticks were not able to successfully infect I. scapularis salivary glands. These data demonstrate the specific requirement of a pathogen for a tick salivary protein to persist within the arthropod and provide a paradigm for understanding how Rickettsia-like pathogens are maintained within vectors.

scholarly journals Anaplasma phagocytophilum Inhibits Apoptosis and Promotes Cytoskeleton Rearrangement for Infection of Tick Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 2415-2425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nieves Ayllón ◽  
Margarita Villar ◽  
Ann T. Busby ◽  
Katherine M. Kocan ◽  
Edmour F. Blouin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Selective Channel ◽  
Cytoskeleton Rearrangement

ABSTRACTAnaplasma phagocytophilumcauses human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Infection with this zoonotic pathogen affects gene expression in both the vertebrate host and the tick vector,Ixodes scapularis. Here, we identified new genes, including spectrin alpha chain or alpha-fodrin (CG8) and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel or mitochondrial porin (T2), that are involved inA. phagocytophiluminfection/multiplication and the tick cell response to infection. The pathogen downregulated the expression of CG8 in tick salivary glands and T2 in both the gut and salivary glands to inhibit apoptosis as a mechanism to subvert host cell defenses and increase infection. In the gut, the tick response to infection through CG8 upregulation was used by the pathogen to increase infection due to the cytoskeleton rearrangement that is required for pathogen infection. These results increase our understanding of the role of tick genes duringA. phagocytophiluminfection and multiplication and demonstrate that the pathogen uses similar strategies to establish infection in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.

scholarly journals Neurofibromin expression by normal salivary glands

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloá Borges Luna ◽  
Pâmella Pinho Montovani ◽  
Rafaela Elvira Rozza-de-Menezes ◽  
Karin Soares Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Acinar Cells ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Neurofibromatosis 1 ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Sublingual Gland ◽  
Minor Salivary Glands ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Ductal Cells

AbstractIntroductionNeurofibromin, a protein encoded by theNF1gene, is mutated in neurofibromatosis 1, one of the most common genetic diseases. Oral manifestations are common and a high prevalence of hyposalivation was recently described in individuals with neurofibromatosis 1. Although neurofibromin is ubiquitously expressed, its expression levels vary depending on the tissue type and developmental stage of the organism. The role of neurofibromin in the development, morphology, and physiology of salivary glands is unknown and a detailed expression of neurofibromin in human normal salivary glands has never been investigated.AimTo investigate the expression levels and distribution of neurofibromin in acinar and ductal cells of major and minor salivary glands of adult individuals without NF1.Material and methodTen samples of morphologically normal major and minor salivary glands (three samples of each gland: parotid, submandibular and minor salivary; and one sample of sublingual gland) from individuals without neurofibromatosis 1 were selected to assess neurofibromin expression through immunohistochemistry. Immunoquantification was performed by a digital method.ResultsNeurofibromin was expressed in the cytoplasm of both serous and mucous acinar cells, as well as in ducts from all the samples of salivary glands. Staining intensity varied from mild to strong depending on the type of salivary gland and region (acini or ducts). Ducts had higher neurofibromin expression than acinar cells (p = 0.003). There was no statistical association between the expression of neurofibromin and the type of the salivary gland, considering acini (p = 0.09) or ducts (p = 0.50) of the four salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, minor salivary, and sublingual gland). Similar results were obtained comparing the acini (p = 0.35) and ducts (p = 0.50) of minor and major salivary glands. Besides, there was no correlation between the expression of neurofibromin and age (p = 0.08), and sex (p = 0.79) of the individuals, considering simultaneously the neurofibromin levels of acini and duct (n = 34).ConclusionNeurofibromin is expressed in the cytoplasm of serous and mucous acinar cells, and ductal cells of salivary glands, suggesting that this protein is important for salivary gland function.

scholarly journals An efficient microinjection method to generate human anaplasmosis agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected ticks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Taank ◽  
Ellango Ramasamy ◽  
Hameeda Sultana ◽  
Girish Neelakanta
Keyword(s):  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Ixodes Scapularis ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Tick Feeding ◽  
Nymphal Stage ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Transstadial Transmission

Abstract Ticks are important vectors that transmit several pathogens including human anaplasmosis agent, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. This bacterium is an obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogen. An infected reservoir animal host is often required for maintenance of this bacterial colony and as a source for blood to perform needle inoculations in naïve animals for tick feeding studies. In this study, we report an efficient microinjection method to generate A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks in laboratory conditions. The dense-core (DC) form of A. phagocytophilum was isolated from in vitro cultures and injected into the anal pore of unfed uninfected Ixodes scapularis nymphal ticks. These ticks successfully transmitted A. phagocytophilum to the murine host. The bacterial loads were detected in murine blood, spleen, and liver tissues. In addition, larval ticks successfully acquired A. phagocytophilum from mice that were previously infected by feeding with DC-microinjected nymphal ticks. Transstadial transmission of A. phagocytophilum from larvae to nymphal stage was also evident in these ticks. Taken together, our study provides a timely, rapid, and an efficient method not only to generate A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks but also provides a tool to understand acquisition and transmission dynamics of this bacterium and perhaps other rickettsial pathogens from medically important vectors.

Depletion of Total Salivary Gland Protein in Blood-Fed Anopheles Mosquitoes

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia F. Golenda ◽  
Terry Klein ◽  
Russel Coleman ◽  
Robert Burge ◽  
Ronald A. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Salivary Gland Protein

Trypanosome infections and survival in tsetse

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (S1) ◽  
pp. S23-S28 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Maudlin ◽  
S. C. Welburn ◽  
P. J. M. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Differential Effects

SummaryThe effect of trypanosome infection on vector survival was observed in a line of Glossina morsitans morsitans selected for susceptibility to trypanosome infection. The differential effects of midgut and salivary gland infections on survival were examined by exposing flies to infection with either Trypanosoma congolense which colonizes midgut and mouthparts or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which colonizes midgut and salivary glands. A comparison of the survival distributions of uninfected flies with those exposed to infection showed that salivary gland infection significantly reduces tsetse survival; midgut infection had little or no effect on the survival of tsetse. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the vectorial capacity of wild flies.

First Insights into the Molecular Basis of Pleomorphic Adenomas of the Salivary Glands

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Voz ◽  
W.J.M. Van de Ven ◽  
K. Kas
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Benign Tumor ◽  
Salivary Gland Tumor ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Gland Tumor ◽  
Histopathological Classification ◽  
Pleomorphic Adenomas ◽  
Chromosomal Changes

Pleomorphic adenoma, or mixed tumor of the salivary glands, is a benign tumor originating from the major and minor salivary glands. Eighty-five percent of these tumors are found in the parotid gland, 10% in the minor (sublingual) salivary glands, and 5% in the submandibular gland. It is the most common type of salivary gland tumor, accounting for almost 50% of all neoplasms in these organs. In fact, after the first observation of recurrent loss of chromosome 22 in meningioma, this was the second type of benign tumor for which non-random chromosomal changes were reported. The rate of malignant change with the potential to metastasize has been reported to be only 2 to 3%, and only a few cases of metastasizing pleomorphic salivary gland adenomas have been described to date. The fact that these tumors arise in organs located in an ontogenetic transitional zone, a region where endoderm and ectoderm meet, might be one of the reasons for the often-problematic histopathological classification. This type of benign tumor has been cytogenetically very well-characterized, with several hundreds of tumors karyotyped. In addition to the cytogenetic subgroup with an apparently normal diploid stemline (making up approximately 30% of the cases), three major cytogenetic subgroups can be distinguished. In addition to a subgroup showing non-recurrent clonal abnormalities, another subgroup is composed of tumors with various translocations involving 12ql5. By far the largest cytogenetic subgroup, however, consists of tumors with chromosome 8 abnormalities, mainly showing translocations involving region 8ql2. The most frequently encountered aberration in this group is a t(3;8)(p21;q12).

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