ISOLATION OF ORTHO- AND PARAMYXOVIRUSES FROM WILD BIRDS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA, AND THE CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL INFLUENZA A VIRUSES

AbstractInfluenza viruses are an important cause of disease in both humans and animals, and their detection and characterization can take weeks. In this study, we sought to compare classical virology techniques with a new rapid microarray method for the detection and characterization of a very diverse, panel of animal, environmental, and human clinical or field specimens that were molecularly positive for influenza A alone (n = 111), influenza B alone (n = 3), both viruses (n = 13), or influenza negative (n = 2) viruses. All influenza virus positive samples in this study were first subtyped by traditional laboratory methods, and later evaluated using the FluChip-8G Insight Assay (InDevR Inc. Boulder, CO) in laboratories at Duke University (USA) or at Duke Kunshan University (China). The FluChip-8G Insight multiplexed assay agreed with classical virologic techniques 59 (54.1%) of 109 influenza A-positive, 3 (100%) of the 3 influenza B-positive, 0 (0%) of 10 both influenza A- and B-positive samples, 75% of 24 environmental samples including those positive for H1, H3, H7, H9, N1, and N9 strains, and 80% of 22 avian influenza samples. It had difficulty with avian N6 types and swine H3 and N2 influenza specimens. The FluChip-8G Insight assay performed well with most human, environmental, and animal samples, but had some difficulty with samples containing multiple viral strains and with specific animal influenza strains. As classical virology methods are often iterative and can take weeks, the FluChip-8G Insight Assay rapid results (time range 8 to 12 h) offers considerable time savings. As the FluChip-8G analysis algorithm is expected to improve over time with addition of new subtypes and sample matrices, the FluChip-8G Insight Assay has considerable promise for rapid characterization of novel influenza viruses affecting humans or animals.

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Molecular and biological characterization of influenza A viruses isolated from human fecal samples

Infection Genetics and Evolution ◽

10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104972 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104972

Author(s):

Hebah A. Al Khatib ◽

Peter V. Coyle ◽

Muna A. Al Maslamani ◽

Asmaa A. Al Thani ◽

Sameer A. Pathan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Biological Characterization ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Fecal Samples

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Antigenic characterization of novel H1 influenza A viruses in swine

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-61315-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rodrigo Tapia ◽

Montserrat Torremorell ◽

Marie Culhane ◽

Rafael A. Medina ◽

Víctor Neira

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Antigenic Characterization

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Isolation and characterization of low pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza A viruses from a healthy flock and its comparison to other H9N2 isolates

Indian Journal of Virology ◽

10.1007/s13337-013-0144-1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 342-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Muhammad Munir ◽

Siamak Zohari ◽

Muhammad Abbas ◽

Muhammad Zubair Shabbir ◽

Muhammad Nauman Zahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Isolation And Characterization

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Characterization of H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported into Japan from China

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268806006728 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 135 (3) ◽

pp. 386-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

M. MASE ◽

M. ETO ◽

K. IMAI ◽

K. TSUKAMOTO ◽

S. YAMAGUCHI

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

H9n2 Virus ◽

Amino Acid Substitutions ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Potential Sources

We characterized eleven H9N2 influenza A viruses isolated from chicken products imported from China. Genetically they were classified into six distinct genotypes, including five already known genotypes and one novel genotype. This suggested that such multiple genotypes of the H9N2 virus have possibly already become widespread and endemic in China. Two isolates have amino-acid substitutions that confer resistance to amantadine in the M2 region, and this supported the evidence that this mutation might be a result of the wide application of amantadine for avian influenza treatment in China. These findings emphasize the importance of surveillance for avian influenza virus in this region, and of quarantining imported chicken products as potential sources for the introduction of influenza virus.

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Commentary: A Historical Review of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Antiviral Treatment and Postexposure Chemoprophylaxis Guidance for Human Infections With Novel Influenza A Viruses Associated With Severe Human Disease

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jix065 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 216 (suppl_4) ◽

pp. S575-S580 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fiona P Havers ◽

Angela P Campbell ◽

Timothy M Uyeki ◽

Alicia M Fry

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Human Disease ◽

Influenza A ◽

Antiviral Treatment ◽

Historical Review ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Centers For Disease Control ◽

Human Infections ◽

Novel Influenza A

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Molecular Characterization of the Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Genes of H5N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Poultry in Vietnam from 2004 to 2005

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science ◽

10.1292/jvms.68.527 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 68 (5) ◽

pp. 527-531 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Yukiko MURAMOTO ◽

Thi Quynh Mai LE ◽

Lien Song PHUONG ◽

Tung NGUYEN ◽

Thu Ha NGUYEN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

H5n1 Influenza

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Characterization of Subtype H6 Avian Influenza A Viruses Isolated From Wild Birds in Poyang Lake, China

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.685399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Zhimin Wan ◽

Qiuqi Kan ◽

Zhehong Zhao ◽

Hongxia Shao ◽

Thomas J. Deliberto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Influenza A ◽

Poyang Lake ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Mouse Lung ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Domestic Poultry ◽

History Of

Subtype H6 avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) are enzootic and genetically diverse in both domestic poultry and wild waterfowl and may cause spillovers in both pigs and humans. Thus, it is important to understand the genetic diversity of H6 IAVs in birds and their zoonotic potential. Compared with that in domestic poultry, the genetic diversity of H6 viruses in wild birds in China has not been well-understood. In this study, five H6 viruses were isolated from wild birds in Poyang Lake, China, and genetic analyses showed that these isolates are clustered into four genotypes associated with reassortments among avian IAVs from domestic poultry and wild birds in China and those from Eurasia and North America and that these viruses exhibited distinct phenotypes in growth kinetics analyses with avian and mammalian cells lines and in mouse challenge experiments. Of interest is that two H6 isolates from the Eurasian teal replicated effectively in the mouse lung without prior adaptation, whereas the other three did not. Our study suggested that there are variations in the mammalian viral replication efficiency phenotypic among genetically diverse H6 IAVs in wild birds and that both intra- and inter-continental movements of IAVs through wild bird migration may facilitate the emergence of novel H6 IAV reassortants with the potential for replicating in mammals, including humans. Continued surveillance to monitor the diversity of H6 IAVs in wild birds is necessary to increase our understanding of the natural history of IAVs.

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Reassortment and persistence of influenza A viruses from diverse geographic origins within Australian wild birds: evidence from a small, isolated population of Ruddy turnstones

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.02193-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bethany J. Hoye ◽

Celeste M. Donato ◽

Simeon Lisovski ◽

Yi-Mo Deng ◽

Simone Warner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Low Density ◽

Isolated Population ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Geographic Origins ◽

Eastern Australia

Australian lineages of avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) are thought to be phylogenetically distinct from those circulating in Eurasia and the Americas, suggesting the circulation of endemic viruses seeded by occasional introductions from other regions. However, processes underlying the introduction, evolution and maintenance of AIVs in Australia remain poorly understood. Waders (Order Charadriiformes, Family Scolopacidae) may play a unique role in the ecology and evolution of AIVs, particularly in Australia, where ducks, geese and swans (Order Anseriformes, Family Anatidae) rarely undertake intercontinental migrations. Across a five-year surveillance period (2011–2015), Ruddy turnstones (Arenaria interpres) that ‘overwinter’ during the Austral summer in south eastern Australia showed generally low levels of AIV prevalence (0–2%). However, in March 2014 we detected AIVs in 32% (95% CI; 25–39%) of individuals in a small, low-density, island population 90km from the Australian mainland. This epizootic comprised three distinct AIV genotypes, each of which represent a unique reassortment of Australian, recently introduced Eurasian, and recently introduced American-lineage gene segments. Strikingly, the Australian-lineage gene segments showed high similarity to H10N7 viruses isolated in 2010 and 2012 from poultry outbreaks 900–1500km to the north. Together with the diverse geographic origins of the American and Eurasian gene segments, these findings suggest extensive circulation and reassortment of AIVs within Australian wild birds over vast geographic distances. Our findings indicate that long-term surveillance in waders may yield unique insights into AIV gene flow, especially in geographic regions like Oceania where Anatidae do not display regular inter- or intracontinental migration. IMPORTANCE High prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) was detected in a small, low-density, isolated population of Ruddy turnstones in Australia. Analysis of these viruses revealed relatively recent introductions of viral gene segments from both Eurasia and North America, as well as long-term persistence of introduced gene segments in Australian wild birds. These data demonstrate that the flow of viruses into Australia may be more common than initially thought and that, once introduced, these AIVs have the potential to be maintained within the continent. These findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting Australian wild birds are unlikely to be ecologically-isolated from the highly pathogenic H5Nx viruses circulating among wild birds throughout the northern hemisphere.

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