scholarly journals The child brain computes and utilizes internalized maternal choices

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Lark Lim ◽  
J. Bradley C. Cherry ◽  
Ann M. Davis ◽  
S. N. Balakrishnan ◽  
Oh-Ryeong Ha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Abstract As children grow, they gradually learn how to make decisions independently. However, decisions like choosing healthy but less-tasty foods can be challenging for children whose self-regulation and executive cognitive functions are still maturing. We propose a computational decision-making process in which children estimate their mother’s choices for them as well as their individual food preferences. By employing functional magnetic resonance imaging during real food choices, we find that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) encodes children’s own preferences and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) encodes the projected mom’s choices for them at the time of children’s choice. Also, the left dlPFC region shows an inhibitory functional connectivity with the vmPFC at the time of children’s own choice. Our study suggests that in part, children utilize their perceived caregiver’s choices when making choices for themselves, which may serve as an external regulator of decision-making, leading to optimal healthy decisions.

scholarly journals Volatility estimates increase choice switching and relate to prefrontal activity in schizophrenia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Deserno ◽  
R. Boehme ◽  
C. Mathys ◽  
T. Katthagen ◽  
J. Kaminski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Bayesian Learning ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Choice Data ◽  
Initial Belief ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

AbstractBackgroundReward-based decision-making is impaired in patients with schizophrenia (PSZ) as reflected by increased choice switching. The underlying cognitive and motivational processes as well as associated neural signatures remain unknown. Reinforcement Learning (RL) and hierarchical Bayesian learning account for choice switching in different ways. We hypothesized that enhanced choice switching, as seen in PSZ during reward-based decision-making, relates to higher-order beliefs about environmental volatility and examined the associated neural activity.Methods46 medicated PSZ and 43 healthy controls (HC) performed a reward-based decision-making task requiring flexible responses to changing action-outcome contingencies during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Detailed computational modeling of choice data was performed, including RL and the hierarchical Gaussian filter (HGF). Trajectories of learning from computational modeling informed the analysis of fMRI data.ResultsA three-level HGF accounted best for the observed choice data. This model revealed a heightened initial belief about environmental volatility and a stronger influence of volatility on lower-level learning of action-outcome contingencies in PSZ as compared to HC. This was replicated in an independent sample of non-medicated PSZ. Beliefs about environmental volatility were reflected by higher activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of PSZ as compared to HC.ConclusionsOur study suggests that PSZ inferred the environment as overly volatile, which may explain increased choice switching. In PSZ, activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was more strongly related to beliefs about environmental volatility. Our computational phenotyping approach may provide useful information to dissect clinical heterogeneity and could improve prediction of outcome.

scholarly journals Ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal interactions underlie will to fight and die for a cause

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Pretus ◽  
Nafees Hamid ◽  
Hammad Sheikh ◽  
Ángel Gómez ◽  
Jeremy Ginges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Neural Underpinnings

AbstractWillingness to fight and die (WFD) has been developed as a measure to capture willingness to incur costly sacrifices for the sake of a greater cause in the context of entrenched conflict. WFD measures have been repeatedly used in field studies, including studies on the battlefield, although their neurofunctional correlates remain unexplored. Our aim was to identify the neural underpinnings of WFD, focusing on neural activity and interconnectivity of brain areas previously associated with value-based decision-making, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). A sample of Pakistani participants supporting the Kashmiri cause was selected and invited to participate in an functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) paradigm where they were asked to convey their WFD for a series of values related to Islam and current politics. As predicted, higher compared to lower WFD was associated with increased ventromedial prefrontal activity and decreased dorsolateral activity, as well as lower connectivity between the vmPFC and the dlPFC. Our findings suggest that WFD more prominently relies on brain areas typically associated with subjective value (vmPFC) rather than integration of material costs (dlPFC) during decision-making, supporting the notion that decisions on costly sacrifices may not be mediated by cost-benefit computation.

scholarly journals Frontoparietal, Cerebellum Network Codes for Accurate Intention Prediction in Altered Perceptual Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Ceravolo ◽  
S Schaerlaeken ◽  
S Frühholz ◽  
D Glowinski ◽  
D Grandjean
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Musical Training ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Communicative Intent ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Critical Components

Abstract Integrating and predicting the intentions and actions of others are critical components of social interactions, but the behavioral and neural bases of such mechanisms under altered perceptual conditions are poorly understood. In the present study, we recruited expert violinists and age-matched controls with no musical training and asked them to evaluate simplified dynamic stimuli of violinists playing in a piano or forte communicative intent while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. We show that expertise is needed to successfully understand and evaluate communicative intentions in spatially and temporally altered visual representations of musical performance. Frontoparietal regions—such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobule and sulcus—and various subregions of the cerebellum—such as cerebellar lobules I-IV, V, VI, VIIb, VIIIa, X—are recruited in the process. Functional connectivity between these brain areas reveals widespread organization, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal sulcus and in the cerebellum. This network may be essential to successfully assess communicative intent in ambiguous or complex visual scenes.

scholarly journals The Contribution of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Full and Divided Encoding: A Paired-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Blanchet ◽  
Geneviève Gagnon ◽  
Cyril Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Paired Pulse ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Sham Condition ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Episodic Encoding ◽  
The Right

This research investigated the contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the attentional resources in episodic encoding for both verbal and non-verbal material. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations (TMS) were used to interfere transiently with either the left or right DLPFC during encoding under full attention (FA) or under divided attention (DA) in a recognition paradigm using words and random shapes. Participants recognized fewer items after TMS over the left DLPFC than over the right DLPFC during FA encoding. However, TMS over the left DLPFC did not impair performance when compared to sham condition. Conversely, participants produced fewer items after TMS over the right DLPFC in DA encoding compared to sham condition, but not compared to TMS over the left DLPFC. These effects were found for both words and random shapes. These results suggest that the right DLPFC play an important role in successful encoding with a concomitant task regardless of the type of material.

Antidepressant efficacy of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in double-blind sham-controlled designs: a meta-analysis

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. L. G. Schutter
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

BackgroundFor more than a decade high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in search of an alternative treatment for depression. The aim of this study was to provide an update on its clinical efficacy by performing a meta-analysis involving double-blind sham-controlled studies.MethodA literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed and Web of Science in the period between January 1980 and November 2007 with the search terms ‘depression’ and ‘transcranial magnetic stimulation’. Thirty double-blind sham-controlled parallel studies with 1164 patients comparing the percentage change in depression scores from baseline to endpoint of activeversussham treatment were included. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to investigate the clinical efficacy of fast-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC in depression.ResultsThe test for heterogeneity was not significant (QT=30.46,p=0.39). A significant overall weighted mean effect size,d=0.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25–0.54], for active treatment was observed (z=6.52,p<0.0001). Medication resistance and intensity of rTMS did not play a role in the effect size.ConclusionsThese findings show that high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC is superior to sham in the treatment of depression. The effect size is robust and comparable to at least a subset of commercially available antidepressant drug agents. Current limitations and future prospects are discussed.

scholarly journals Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Consequences on Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Reducing the Symptoms of the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Shafiezadeh ◽  
◽  
Atiyeh Mohammadshirazi ◽  
Mansoureh Eshghi ◽  
Zahra Dokhaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Left Dlpfc ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of the most prevalent debilitating mental disorders that has a general rate of 2 to 3 percent prevalence. Previous studies indicated that there are abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of OCD patients, so we decided to use transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to decline the symptoms of these patients. A total number of 24 OCD patients participated in this study with the hope of improvement after the application of tDCS. The subjects were randomly assigned into three groups as Sham, Right DLPFC, and Left DLPFC tDCS, and tDCS were applied for 5 consecutive days as in each session. The protocol was 2 mA current flow for two 15 minutes lasting period following by a 10 minutes rest in between (every session lasts for 40 minutes). Subsequently, the changes in obsessive-compulsive level and depression, anxiety, and stress followed that were evaluated via Yale-Brown and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) tests by comparing the results of pre-experiment and post-experiment. Ultimately, the results of the Yale-Brown test which evaluates OCD symptoms in Right DLPFC shows significant changes that have occurred after intervention with tDCS (average difference of the Right DLPFC with sham group -6.18 and P-value ≤ 0.01, and for the Left DLPFC with sham group 3.155 and P-value ≥ 0.05). The average DASS scores of pre and post-experiment in the Left DLPFC were -4.63, in the Right DLPFC was -6.62, and in the sham group was -5.13 subsequently. Hereupon, this study demonstrates that tDCS may cause improvements in OCD symptoms.

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