scholarly journals Life course socioeconomic position and body composition in adulthood: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis Bridger Staatz ◽  
Yvonne Kelly ◽  
Rebecca E. Lacey ◽  
Joanna M. Blodgett ◽  
Anitha George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
English Language ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Narrative Synthesis ◽  
Direct Technique

Abstract Introduction Multiple systematic reviews have investigated the relation between socioeconomic position (SEP) and body mass index (BMI) throughout the life course. However, BMI does not capture quantity and distribution of fat and muscle, which are better indicators of obesity than BMI, and have been independently linked to adverse health outcomes. Less is known about the relation between SEP and body composition, and the literature has not been reviewed. We therefore systematically reviewed the literature on the association between life course SEP and body composition in adulthood. Methods A protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019119937), and the review followed PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search of three databases (MEDLINE, Embase Classic + Embase and SPORTDiscus) was conducted. Original studies in the English language were included that examine the association between any recognised measure of SEP at any age and body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, ratio and distribution) in adulthood, measured using a direct technique, i.e., not an anthropometric measure. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Results A total of 47 papers were included in the final review, none were from low-income countries (LICs). Greater advantage in childhood and adulthood was associated with lower fat levels in high-income countries (HICs). Associations in the opposite direction were found exclusively in middle-income countries (MICs). No studies in MICs reported associations for childhood SEP. For measures of lean mass, the majority of papers reported no association, or greater advantage in adulthood associated with higher lean mass, with little variation between HICs and MICs. Associations in HICs are more often observed in women than men. Conclusion The results indicate that fat measures follow similar patterns to those seen for BMI, and that women in HICs are more likely to experience inequalities in both fat and lean measures. Further research in LICs and MICs is needed.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic position and body composition in childhood in high- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis Bridger Staatz ◽  
Yvonne Kelly ◽  
Rebecca E. Lacey ◽  
Joanna M. Blodgett ◽  
Anitha George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Narrative Synthesis ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries

Abstract Background The relation between socioeconomic position (SEP) and obesity measured by body mass index (BMI), a measure of weight for height, has been extensively reviewed in children, showing consistent associations between disadvantaged SEP and higher BMI in high-income countries (HICs) and lower BMI in middle-income countries (MICs). Fat mass (FM), a more accurate measure of adiposity, and fat-free mass (FFM) are not captured by BMI, but have been shown to track from childhood to adulthood, and be important for cardiovascular health and functional outcomes in later life. It is not clear whether body composition is associated with SEP. We systematically reviewed the association between SEP and body composition in childhood. Methods A systematic review was carried out following PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019119937). Original studies in the English language, which examined the association between SEP and body composition in childhood, were included. An electronic search of three databases was conducted. Two independent reviewers carried out screening, data extraction and quality assessment. Due to heterogeneity in results, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Heterogeneity in findings according to SEP, sex, body composition measure and country income level was investigated. Results 50 papers were included, the majority from HICs. No papers were from low-income countries. Disadvantage in childhood was associated with greater FM and lower FFM in HICs, but with lower FM and lower FFM in MICs. When measures of FFM indexed to height were used there was no evidence of associations with SEP. In HICs, more studies reported associations between disadvantaged SEP and higher FM among girls comparative to boys. Conclusions Inequalities in FM are evident in HICs and, in the opposite direction, in MICs and follow similar trends to inequalities for BMI. Inequalities in height are likely important in understanding inequalities in FFM.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic position and body composition across the life course: a systematic review protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis Bridger Staatz ◽  
Yvonne Kelly ◽  
Rebecca Lacey ◽  
Rebecca Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
English Language ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Summary Estimate ◽  
Secular Changes

Abstract Introduction The relation between socioeconomic position (SEP) and obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) has been extensively reviewed, but there is less research on the association between SEP and body composition. Fat distribution and muscle quality have been linked to adverse health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and poor physical capability. There is some evidence of secular changes in body composition with increasing fat-mass and reducing muscle quantity and strength, but it is unclear whether there have been secular changes in social inequalities in body composition. The aim is to perform a systematic review of the existing literature on the association between SEP and body composition and to explore any secular changes. Methods The systematic review will be carried out according to PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search of MEDLINE and Embase Classic + Embase will be conducted using OvidSP as the database interface, as well as SPORTDiscus using EBSCO. Two independently working reviewers will initially screen abstracts to exclude papers that are clearly ineligible, followed by a full-text screening to exclude papers not meeting all inclusion criteria. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion. Data extraction and quality assessment of eligible papers will be carried out by 2 reviewers using a standardised form. The reference lists of identified papers will be searched for additional papers. Original studies in the English language, which examine the association between SEP at any age and body composition at the same or later age will be included if they use any recognised measures of SEP (e.g. income, occupation, over-crowding) and a recognised measure of body composition (total, proportional or location of fat mass and fat-free mass, using any appropriate methods, excluding anthropometry). Due to expected heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis is expected, with a descriptive summary to be provided in tables. If there is consistency in reporting of associations, a random-effects meta-analysis will be used to provide an overall summary estimate. Discussion The results of the review will summarise the existing evidence on social inequalities in body composition. Findings will identify gaps in knowledge and where further research is required. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019119937

scholarly journals Body composition in childhood: effects of normal growth and disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Increased Risk

Body composition in children is of increasing interest within the contexts of childhood obesity, clinical management of patients and nutritional programming as a pathway to adult disease. Energy imbalance appears to be common in many disease states; however, body composition is not routinely measured in patients. Traditionally, clinical interest has focused on growth or nutritional status, whereas more recent studies have quantified fat mass and lean mass. The human body changes in proportions and chemical composition during childhood and adolescence. Most of the weight gain comprises lean mass rather than fat. In general, interest has focused on percentage fat, and less attention has been paid to the way in which lean mass varies within and between individuals. In the general population secular trends in BMI have been widely reported, indicating increasing levels of childhood obesity, which have been linked to reduced physical activity. However, lower activity levels may potentially lead not only to increased fatness, but also to reduced lean mass. This issue merits further investigation. Diseases have multiple effects on body composition and may influence fat-free mass and/or fat mass. In some diseases both components change in the same direction, whereas in other diseases, the changes are contradictory and may be concealed by relatively normal weight. Improved techniques are required for clinical evaluations. Both higher fatness and reduced lean mass may represent pathways to an increased risk of adult disease.

scholarly journals Effects of daily 24-gram doses of rice or whey protein on resistance training adaptations in trained males

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica M. Moon ◽  
Kayla M. Ratliff ◽  
Julia C. Blumkaitis ◽  
Patrick S. Harty ◽  
Hannah A. Zabriskie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background Large (48-g), isonitrogenous doses of rice and whey protein have previously been shown to stimulate similar adaptations to resistance training, but the impact of consuming smaller doses has yet to be compared. We evaluated the ability of 24-g doses of rice or whey protein concentrate to augment adaptations following 8 weeks of resistance training. Methods Healthy resistance-trained males (n = 24, 32.8 ± 6.7 years, 179.3 ± 8.5 cm, 87.4 ± 8.5 kg, 27.2 ± 1.9 kg/m2, 27.8 ± 6.0% fat) were randomly assigned and matched according to fat-free mass to consume 24-g doses of rice (n = 12, Growing Naturals, LLC) or whey (n = 12, NutraBio Labs, Inc.) protein concentrate for 8 weeks while completing a standardized resistance training program. Body composition (DXA), muscular strength (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and endurance (repetitions to fatigue [RTF] at 80% 1RM) using bench press (BP) and leg press (LP) exercises along with anaerobic capacity (Wingate) were assessed before and after the intervention. Subjects were asked to maintain regular dietary habits and record dietary intake every 2 weeks. Outcomes were assessed using 2 × 2 mixed (group x time) factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on time and independent samples t-tests using the change scores from baseline. A p-value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals on the changes between groups were used to determine outcomes. Results No baseline differences (p > 0.05) were found for key body composition and performance outcomes. No changes (p > 0.05) in dietary status occurred within or between groups (34 ± 4 kcal/kg/day, 3.7 ± 0.77 g/kg/day, 1.31 ± 0.28 g/kg/day, 1.87 ± 0.23 g/kg/day) throughout the study for daily relative energy (34 ± 4 kcals/kg/day), carbohydrate (3.7 ± 0.77 g/kg/day), fat (1.31 ± 0.28 g/kg/day), and protein (1.87 ± 0.23 g/kg/day) intake. Significant main effects for time were revealed for body mass (p = 0.02), total body water (p = 0.01), lean mass (p = 0.008), fat-free mass (p = 0.007), BP 1RM (p = 0.02), BP volume (p = 0.04), and LP 1RM (p = 0.01). Changes between groups were similar for body mass (− 0.88, 2.03 kg, p = 0.42), fat-free mass (− 0.68, 1.99 kg, p = 0.32), lean mass (− 0.73, 1.91 kg, p = 0.37), fat mass (− 0.48, 1.02 kg, p = 0.46), and % fat (− 0.63, 0.71%, p = 0.90). No significant between group differences were seen for BP 1RM (− 13.8, 7.1 kg, p = 0.51), LP 1RM (− 38.8, 49.6 kg, p = 0.80), BP RTF (− 2.02, 0.35 reps, p = 0.16), LP RTF (− 1.7, 3.3 reps, p = 0.50), and Wingate peak power (− 72.5, 53.4 watts, p = 0.76) following the eight-week supplementation period. Conclusions Eight weeks of daily isonitrogenous 24-g doses of rice or whey protein in combination with an eight-week resistance training program led to similar changes in body composition and performance outcomes. Retroactively registered on as NCT04411173.

Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Is Positively Associated with Growth and Cognition in 6- to 9-Year-Old Schoolchildren from Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 1405-1412
Author(s):  
Benedikte Grenov ◽  
Anni Larnkjær ◽  
Reginald Lee ◽  
Anja Serena ◽  
Christian Mølgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Double Blind

ABSTRACT Background Milk intake stimulates linear growth and improves cognition in children from low-income countries. These effects may be mediated through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Objective The objective was to assess the effect of milk supplement on circulating IGF-1 and to assess IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition in children. Methods Secondary data on blood spot IGF-1 from a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 6–9-y-old children from rural Ghana were analyzed. Intervention groups received porridge with non–energy-balanced supplements: 8.8 g milk protein/d, 100 kcal/d (Milk8); 4.4 g milk and 4.4 g rice protein/d, 100 kcal/d (Milk/rice); 4.4 g milk protein/d, 48 kcal/d (Milk4); or a control (no protein, 10 kcal/d). IGF-1, length, body composition, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) were measured at 3.5 or 8.5 mo. Linear regressions were used to assess the effect of milk interventions on IGF-1 and IGF-1 as a correlate of growth and cognition. Results The increase in IGF-1 was 15.3 (95% CI: 3.3, 27.3) ng/mL higher in children receiving Milk8 compared with the control. The IGF-1 increases in the isonitrogenous, isoenergetic Milk/rice or the Milk4 groups were not different from the control (P ≥ 0.49). The increase in IGF-1 was associated with improvements in 4 out of 5 CANTAB domains. The strongest associations included reductions in “mean correct latency” from Pattern Recognition Memory and “pre-extradimensional (pre-ED) shift errors” from Intra/Extradimensional Set Shift (P ≤ 0.005). In addition, change in IGF-1 was positively associated with changes in height, weight, and fat-free mass (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Intake of skimmed milk powder corresponding to one, but not half a glass of milk on school days stimulates IGF-1 in 6–9-y-old Ghanian children. IGF-1 seems to mediate the effect of milk intake on growth and cognition. The association between IGF-1 and cognition in relation to milk intake is novel and opens possibilities for dietary interventions to improve cognition.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition Assessed Using DXA and Surface Anthropometry Show Good Agreement in Elite Rugby Union Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Zemski ◽  
Shelley E. Keating ◽  
Elizabeth M. Broad ◽  
Gary J. Slater
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Empirical Measure ◽  
Body Composition Assessment ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
Assessment Techniques ◽  
Proportional Variation

Rugby union athletes have divergent body composition based on the demands of their on-field playing position and ethnicity. With an established association between physique traits and positional requirements, body composition assessment is routinely undertaken. Surface anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are the most common assessment techniques used, often undertaken synchronously. This study aims to investigate the association between DXA and surface anthropometry when assessing longitudinal changes in fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) in rugby union athletes. Thirty-nine elite male rugby union athletes (age: 25.7 ± 3.1 years, stature: 187.6 ± 7.7 cm, and mass: 104.1 ± 12.2 kg) underwent assessment via DXA and surface anthropometry multiple times over three consecutive international seasons. Changes in the lean mass index, an empirical measure to assess proportional variation in FFM, showed large agreement with changes in DXA FFM (r = .54, standard error of the estimate = 1.5%, p < .001); the strength of association was stronger among forwards (r = .63) compared with backs (r = .38). Changes in the sum of seven skinfolds showed very large agreement with changes in DXA FM (r = .73, standard error of the estimate = 5.8%, p < .001), with meaningful differences observed regardless of ethnicity (Whites: r = .75 and Polynesians: r = .62). The lean mass index and sum of seven skinfolds were able to predict the direction of change in FFM and FM 86% and 91% of the time, respectively, when DXA change was >1 kg. Surface anthropometry measures provide a robust indication of the direction of change in FFM and FM, although caution may need to be applied when interpreting magnitude of change, particularly with FM.

scholarly journals Serum levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D in adults with obesity sarcopenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nikolova ◽  
Alexander Penkov
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Appendicular Lean Mass ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
25 Oh Vitamin D

AbstractIntroduction:Obesity has been linked with vitamin D deficiency in a number of cross-sectional studies, reviews and meta-analyses. To assess the correlations of plasma 25(OH) vitamin D levels with indices of body composition examined by DXA with an emphasis on lean and bone mass as well as on indices such as android/gynoid fat, appendicular lean mass (ALM) and appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), fat-mass indexes (FMI), fat-free mass indexes (FFMI) and the ALM-to-BMI index.Materials and Methods:62 adult subjects consented to participate – 27 men (43.5 %) and 35 women (56.5 %). Their mean age was 45.3 ± 9.5 years. Fan-beam dual-energy X-ray (DXA) body composition analysis was performed on a Lunar Prodigy Pro bone densitometer with software version 12.30. Vitamin D was measured by electro-hemi-luminescent detection as 25(OH)D Total (ECLIA, Elecsys 2010 analyzer, Roche Diagnostics). Statistical analyses were done using the SPSS 23.0 statistical package.Results:The serum 25(OH)D level was correlated significantly only to the whole body bone mineral content, the appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and the ALM-to-BMI index, underlining a predominant role for lean and fat-free mass. Vitamin D showed a very weak correlation to % Body Fat and the Fat Mass Index (FMI) in men only. Moreover, the multiple regression equation including the associated parameters could explain only 7 % of the variation in the serum 25(OH)D levels.Discussion:Our conclusion was, that there are differences in the associations of the vitamin D levels with the different body composition indices, but these associations are generally very weak and therefore – negligible.

scholarly journals Association between anthropometric and physical data of university soccer players from different positions

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacha Clael Rodrigues Rêgo ◽  
Samuel da Silva Aguiar ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Ricardo Franco Lima ◽  
Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Sectional Analysis

The present study aimed to check if there is an association between fitness performance variables and to analyze the variation of fitness levels between playing positions university soccer players. Twenty university soccer players were selected (20.95 ± 1.84 years; 71.60 ± 11.65 kg; 176.85 ± 7.28 m) divided into defenders, midfielders and attackers. Body composition was assessed in a cross-sectional analysis that correlated fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass by DXA with the physical capacity tests. The main results of the present study revealed that both 10-m and 20-m accelerations had moderate-to-large correlations with agility tests across the playing positions, however these accelerations were largely inversely correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test in defenders and largely positively in midfielders. The agility test was moderately correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test across the different playing positions. In conclusion, there the acceleration and the agility had a positive association with the different positions of the soccer players.

scholarly journals The Effect of TNF and Non-TNF-Targeted Biologics on Body Composition in Rheumatoid Arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Gaelle Vial ◽  
Céline Lambert ◽  
Bruno Pereira ◽  
Marion Couderc ◽  
Sandrine Malochet-Guinamand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Tnf Inhibitor ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Few Data

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with a decrease in lean mass and stability or even an increase in fat and ectopic adipose tissue. A few data are available on body composition changes under treatment, and data are still controversial. Body composition was assessed before initiation of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) and after 6 and 12 months of stable treatment. Eighty-three RA patients were included (75% of women, mean age 58.5 ± 10.8 years) of whom 47 patients treated with TNF inhibitor (TNFi), 18 with non-TNF-targeted biologic (Non-TNFi), and 18 with conventional DMARD (cDMARD) alone. In the TNFi group, total lean mass, fat-free mass index, and skeletal muscle mass index significantly increased at 1 year. An increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) without change for the visceral or body fat composition was associated. These changes were associated with an improvement in strength and walking test. In non-TNFi or cDMARD groups, no significant changes for body composition or muscle function were observed at 1 year. However, no significant differences for treatment x time interaction were noted between group treatments. In active RA patients starting first bDMARD, treatment with TNFi over 1 year was associated with favorable changes of the body composition and muscle function.

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