scholarly journals Body composition in childhood: effects of normal growth and disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Adult Disease ◽  
Increased Risk

Body composition in children is of increasing interest within the contexts of childhood obesity, clinical management of patients and nutritional programming as a pathway to adult disease. Energy imbalance appears to be common in many disease states; however, body composition is not routinely measured in patients. Traditionally, clinical interest has focused on growth or nutritional status, whereas more recent studies have quantified fat mass and lean mass. The human body changes in proportions and chemical composition during childhood and adolescence. Most of the weight gain comprises lean mass rather than fat. In general, interest has focused on percentage fat, and less attention has been paid to the way in which lean mass varies within and between individuals. In the general population secular trends in BMI have been widely reported, indicating increasing levels of childhood obesity, which have been linked to reduced physical activity. However, lower activity levels may potentially lead not only to increased fatness, but also to reduced lean mass. This issue merits further investigation. Diseases have multiple effects on body composition and may influence fat-free mass and/or fat mass. In some diseases both components change in the same direction, whereas in other diseases, the changes are contradictory and may be concealed by relatively normal weight. Improved techniques are required for clinical evaluations. Both higher fatness and reduced lean mass may represent pathways to an increased risk of adult disease.

scholarly journals Serum levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D in adults with obesity sarcopenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nikolova ◽  
Alexander Penkov
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Appendicular Lean Mass ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
25 Oh Vitamin D

AbstractIntroduction:Obesity has been linked with vitamin D deficiency in a number of cross-sectional studies, reviews and meta-analyses. To assess the correlations of plasma 25(OH) vitamin D levels with indices of body composition examined by DXA with an emphasis on lean and bone mass as well as on indices such as android/gynoid fat, appendicular lean mass (ALM) and appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), fat-mass indexes (FMI), fat-free mass indexes (FFMI) and the ALM-to-BMI index.Materials and Methods:62 adult subjects consented to participate – 27 men (43.5 %) and 35 women (56.5 %). Their mean age was 45.3 ± 9.5 years. Fan-beam dual-energy X-ray (DXA) body composition analysis was performed on a Lunar Prodigy Pro bone densitometer with software version 12.30. Vitamin D was measured by electro-hemi-luminescent detection as 25(OH)D Total (ECLIA, Elecsys 2010 analyzer, Roche Diagnostics). Statistical analyses were done using the SPSS 23.0 statistical package.Results:The serum 25(OH)D level was correlated significantly only to the whole body bone mineral content, the appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and the ALM-to-BMI index, underlining a predominant role for lean and fat-free mass. Vitamin D showed a very weak correlation to % Body Fat and the Fat Mass Index (FMI) in men only. Moreover, the multiple regression equation including the associated parameters could explain only 7 % of the variation in the serum 25(OH)D levels.Discussion:Our conclusion was, that there are differences in the associations of the vitamin D levels with the different body composition indices, but these associations are generally very weak and therefore – negligible.

scholarly journals Association between anthropometric and physical data of university soccer players from different positions

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacha Clael Rodrigues Rêgo ◽  
Samuel da Silva Aguiar ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
Ricardo Franco Lima ◽  
Gustavo De Conti Teixeira Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Recovery Test ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Sectional Analysis

The present study aimed to check if there is an association between fitness performance variables and to analyze the variation of fitness levels between playing positions university soccer players. Twenty university soccer players were selected (20.95 ± 1.84 years; 71.60 ± 11.65 kg; 176.85 ± 7.28 m) divided into defenders, midfielders and attackers. Body composition was assessed in a cross-sectional analysis that correlated fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass by DXA with the physical capacity tests. The main results of the present study revealed that both 10-m and 20-m accelerations had moderate-to-large correlations with agility tests across the playing positions, however these accelerations were largely inversely correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test in defenders and largely positively in midfielders. The agility test was moderately correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test across the different playing positions. In conclusion, there the acceleration and the agility had a positive association with the different positions of the soccer players.

scholarly journals Accounting for height in indices of body composition during childhood and adolescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. O'Keeffe ◽  
Abigail Fraser ◽  
Laura D. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Age And Sex

Correlations of body composition with height vary by age and sex during childhood. Standard approaches to accounting for height in measures of body composition (dividing by height (in meters)2) do not take this into account. Using measures of total body mass (TBM), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) at ages nine, 11, 13, 15 and 18 years from a longitudinal UK cohort study (ALSPAC), we calculated indices of body composition at each age by dividing measures by height (in meters)2. We then produced age-and sex-specific powers of height using allometric regressions and calculated body composition indices by dividing measures by height raised to these powers. TBM, FM and FFM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 11 in females. In males, TBM and FM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 15 years while FM divided by height2 was correlated with height up-to age 11 years. Indices of body composition using age-and sex-specific powers were not correlated with height at any age. In early life, age-and sex-specific powers of height, rather than height in meters2, should be used to adjust body composition for height when measures of adiposity/mass independent of height are required.

scholarly journals Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Weight and Body Composition in Healthy Non-Athlete Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamish Fernando ◽  
Jessica Zibellini ◽  
Rebecca Harris ◽  
Radhika Seimon ◽  
Amanda Sainsbury
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Ramadan Fasting ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

Background: Ramadan involves one month of fasting from sunrise to sunset. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to determine the effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition. Methods: In May 2018, we searched six databases for publications that measured weight and body composition before and after Ramadan, and that did not attempt to influence physical activity or diet. Results: Data were collected from 70 publications (90 comparison groups, 2947 participants). There was a significant positive correlation between starting body mass index and weight lost during the fasting period. Consistently, there was a significant reduction in fat percentage between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan in people with overweight or obesity (−1.46 (95% confidence interval: −2.57 to −0.35) %, p = 0.010), but not in those of normal weight (−0.41 (−1.45 to 0.63) %, p = 0.436). Loss of fat-free mass was also significant between pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan, but was about 30% less than loss of absolute fat mass. At 2–5 weeks after the end of Ramadan, there was a return towards, or to, pre-Ramadan measurements in weight and body composition. Conclusions: Even with no advice on lifestyle changes, there are consistent—albeit transient—reductions in weight and fat mass with the Ramadan fast, especially in people with overweight or obesity.

Low intakes of vitamins C and A are associated with obesity in early adulthood

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Correa-Rodríguez ◽  
Jose Luis Gómez-Urquiza ◽  
Irene Medina-Martínez ◽  
Emilio González-Jiménez ◽  
Jaqueline Schmidt-RioValle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Antioxidant ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract. To evaluate the relationships between the intake of individual antioxidants as well as the dietary antioxidant quality score and obesity-related measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 562 young adults. Fat mass, fat-mass percentage, and fat-free mass were measured using a body composition analyzer. The intake of antioxidant nutrients including vitamins C, E, and A, selenium, zinc, and magnesium were calculated based on a 72-hour diet recall interview. We observed significant differences in the vitamin C (88.6 ± 72.6 mg/day vs. 70.7 ± 60.6 mg/day, p = 0.010), vitamin A (635.8 ± 519.8 μg/day vs. 492.6 ± 318.9 μg/day, p = 0.014), and selenium (135.3 ± 88.7 μg/day vs. 139.3 ± 79.3 μg/day, p = 0.034) intake between normal-weight and overweight or obese young adults. When the Dietary Antioxidant Quality Score (DAQS) was analyzed, there were no significant differences between normal-weight versus overweight or obese young adults after adjusting for confounders. Logistic regression analysis revealed that vitamin C intake (odds ratio (OR) 0.995, 95% CI 0.992–0.999, p = 0.013) and vitamin A intake (OR 0.999, 95% CI 0.999–1.000, p = 0.016) were independent predictors of overweight/obesity after adjusting for age, sex and energy intake. In contrast, a higher selenium intake was associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity (OR 1.003, 95% CI 1.000–1.006, p = 0.034). Future longitudinal investigations of dietary antioxidant intake in relation to the development of obesity would be of interest to better understand the effect of dietary antioxidants on obesity.

scholarly journals Relation of Serum 25(OH)-Vitamin D to Fat Mass and Lean Mass, Bone Mineral Content and Body Composition in Adults – a DXA-Based Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
M. G. Nikolova ◽  
A. B. Penkov ◽  
M. A. Boyanov
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Bone Mineral Content ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
25 Oh Vitamin D

Abstract Obesity has been linked with vitamin D deficiency in a number of cross-sectional studies, reviews and meta-analyses. The aim of the present study was to assess the correlations of plasma 25(OH) vitamin D levels with indices of body composition examined by DXA with an emphasis on lean and bone mass as well as on indices such as android/gynoid fat, appendicular lean mass, fat-mass indexes (FMI) and fat-free mass indexes (FFMI). 62 adult subjects consented to participate – 27 men (43.5%) and 35 women (56.5%). Their mean age was 45.3 ± 9.5 years. Fan-beam dual-energy X-ray (DXA) body composition analysis was performed on a Lunar Prodigy Pro bone densitometer with software version 12.30. Vitamin D was measured by electro-hemi-luminescent detection as 25(OH) D Total (ECLIA, Elecsys 2010 analyzer, Roche Diagnostics). Statistical analyses were done using the SPSS 23.0 statistical package. The serum 25(OH)D level was correlated significantly only to the whole body bone mineral content, the appendicular lean mass index (ALMI) and the ALM-to-BMI index, underlining a predominant role for lean and fat-free mass. Vitamin D showed a very weak correlation to % Body Fat and the Fat Mass Index (FMI) in men only. Moreover, the multiple regression equation including the associated parameters could explain only 7% of the variation in the serum 25(OH) D levels. Our conclusion was, that there are differences in the associations of the vitamin D levels with the different body composition indices, but these associations are generally very weak and therefore – negligible.

scholarly journals Insulin resistance in transgender individuals correlates with android fat mass

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204201882098568
Author(s):  
Ingrid Bretherton ◽  
Cassandra Spanos ◽  
Shalem Y. Leemaqz ◽  
Gehan Premaratne ◽  
Mathis Grossmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Trans Men ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Android Fat ◽  
In Trans ◽  
Trans Women

Background: Transgender individuals receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) are at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. This may be related to effects on body composition and insulin resistance. Aims: To examine relationships between body fat distribution and insulin resistance in transgender individuals on established GAHT. Methods: Comparisons of body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and insulin resistance [Homeostasis Model of Insulin Resistance (HOMA2-IR)] were made between transgender individuals (43 trans men and 41 trans women) on established GAHT (>12 months) and age-matched cisgender controls (30 males and 48 females). Multiple linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between HOMA2-IR and fat mass with gender, adjusting for age and total duration of GAHT and Pearson correlation coefficients are reported. Results: Compared with control cisgender women, trans men had mean difference of +7.8 kg (4.0, 11.5), p < 0.001 in lean mass and higher android:gynoid fat ratio [0.2 (0.1, 0.3), p < 0.001], but no difference in overall fat mass or insulin resistance. Compared with control cisgender men, trans women had median difference in lean mass of −6.9 kg (–10.6, –3.1), p < 0.001, fat mass of +9.8 kg (3.9, 14.5), p = 0.001, lower android:gynoid fat ratio −0.1 (–0.2,–0.0), p < 0.05), and higher insulin resistance 1.6 (1.3–1.9), p < 0.001). Higher HOMA2-IR correlated with higher android ( r2 = 0.712, p < 0.001) and gynoid ( r2 = 0.572, p < 0.001) fat mass in both trans men and trans women. Conclusion: Android fat more strongly correlates with insulin resistance than gynoid fat in transgender individuals. Higher fat mass and insulin resistance in trans women may predispose to increased cardiovascular risk. Despite adverse fat distribution, insulin resistance was not higher in trans men.

Does menarche mark a period of elevated resting metabolic rate?

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (3) ◽  
pp. E456-E462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Spadano ◽  
Linda G. Bandini ◽  
Aviva Must ◽  
Gerard E. Dallal ◽  
William H. Dietz
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Stage 1

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition were measured in 44 initially nonoverweight girls at three time points relative to menarche: premenarche (Tanner stage 1 or 2), menarche (±6 mo), and 4 yr after menarche. Mean absolute RMR was 1,167, 1,418, and 1,347 kcal/day, respectively. Absolute RMR was statistically significantly higher at menarche than at 4 yr after menarche despite statistically significantly less fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), suggesting an elevation in RMR around the time of menarche. The pattern of change in RMR, adjusted for FFM, log transformed FM, age, race, parental overweight, and two interactions (visit by parental overweight, parental overweight by FFM), was also considered. Adjusted RMR did not differ statistically between the visits for girls with two normal-weight parents. For girls with at least one overweight parent, adjusted RMR was statistically significantly lower 4 yr after menarche than at premenarche or menarche. Thus parental overweight may influence changes that occur in RMR during adolescence in girls.

scholarly journals Body composition in term offspring after maternal gestational diabetes does not predict postnatal hypoglycemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Wiechers ◽  
Lena S. Balles ◽  
Sara Kirchhof ◽  
Romy Weber ◽  
Vanessa Avellina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Background Offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have an increased risk of neonatal complications like birth trauma due to macrosomia or postnatal hypoglycemia, as well as long-term metabolic sequelae. Neonatal body composition may be a sensitive marker of metabolic effects on the fetus caused by suboptimal glycemic control during pregnancy. Objective To determine body composition in offspring of mothers with GDM compared to a reference cohort of healthy term neonates and to assess whether increased body fat would be associated with postnatal hypoglycemia. Methods This prospective, observational, cross-sectional study included 311 full-term, singleton infants born between June 2014 and July 2015. Body composition was measured within 96 h of birth using air displacement plethysmography. Results are indicated as median (1st Quartile – 3rd Quartile). Results Of 311 infants, 40 (12.9%) were born to mothers with GDM. Birth weight standard deviation scores (SDS) (0.24 vs. − 0.07, p = 0.04), fat mass (370 g vs. 333 g, p = 0.02) as well as fat mass/total body mass (BF%; 11.4% vs. 10.8%, p = 0.03) were significantly higher in infants following maternal GDM than in controls. In GDM offspring, anthropometric parameters, fat mass or BF% did not differ between infants with or without postnatal hypoglycemia. In this cohort, SDS for birth weight, fat mass, fat free mass, BF% or postnatal hypoglycemia were not associated with maternal blood glucose levels measured at an oral glucose tolerance test. Conclusions SDS for birth weight, neonatal fat mass, and BF% were significantly higher in newborns following maternal GDM. In these infants born to mothers with GDM, body composition did not differ between those with or without postnatal hypoglycemia.

Changes in body weight, composition, and shape: a 4-year study of college students

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1118-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sareen S. Gropper ◽  
Karla P. Simmons ◽  
Lenda Jo Connell ◽  
Pamela V. Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Normal Weight Obesity

The objectives of this study were to examine changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI), body composition, and shape in a group of male and female students over the 4-year college period. Anthropometric assessments including height and weight (via standard techniques), body composition (via bioelectrical impedance analysis), and body shape (via 3-dimensional body scanning) were conducted at the beginning of the freshman year and end of the senior year in 131 college students. Four-year changes included significant (p < 0.0001) gains in weight (3.0 kg), BMI (1.0 kg·m–2), body fat (3.6%), and absolute fat mass (3.2 kg). Males gained significantly (p < 0.0001) greater amounts of weight, BMI, percent and absolute fat mass, and fat-free mass than females. Weight change ranged from –8.7 to +16.8 kg. About 70% of the participants gained weight, which averaged 5.3 kg; significant (p < 0.0001) gains in BMI, fat-free mass, absolute fat mass, and percent body fat and significant (p < 0.0005) increases in neck, chest–bust, waist, hips, seat, and biceps circumferences were also observed in this weight gain group. The percentage of participants classified as overweight–obese increased from 18% to 31%. The number of females and males with ≥30% and 20% body fat, respectively, increased from n = 14 to n = 26 (with n = 4 exhibiting normal weight obesity) over the 4-year period. The waist circumference changes were significantly (p < 0.0001) correlated with both weight and percent body fat changes. In conclusion, the increasing prevalence of obesity and normal weight obesity among this college population suggests the need for additional health promotion strategies on college campuses.

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