scholarly journals The Life Course Implications of Ready to Use Therapeutic Food for Children in Low-Income Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Bazzano ◽  
Kaitlin Potts ◽  
Lydia Bazzano ◽  
John Mason
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Therapeutic Food

scholarly journals Micronutrient malnutrition across the life course, sarcopenia and frailty

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
Ailsa Welch
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
The Life Course

Micronutrient malnutrition, the deficiency of vitamins or minerals, impacts on physical and mental health, in clinical and general populations, across the life course. In older western populations the high prevalence and impact of micronutrient malnutrition is less well recognised. Low- and middle-income countries are experiencing the ‘double burden of disease’ where malnutrition coexists alongside the non-communicable diseases of aging, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Held in December 2020, the Winter Conference of the Nutrition Society was designed to cover new areas of research and concern in micronutrient malnutrition across the life course. Common themes arising from the conference were: 1) The continuing high prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition across the life-course, in diverse populations, in high, middle and low-income countries. 2) That multiple deficiencies of micronutrients frequently exist. 3) The primary cause of deficiency is poor quality diets, of low diversity, low in micronutrient dense foods. 4) Clinical conditions, medications for common non-communicable diseases, and environmental conditions, interact with and exacerbate the effects of poor diet quality. 5) Understanding of the mechanistic effects of micronutrients is still emerging. 6) Micronutrients are necessary for maintaining immune function, which has importance for the COVID-19 epidemic. 7) Better biomarkers are needed detect and understand the effects of deficiency. 7) Dietary recommendations need to be updated regularly. Further research is needed in all these areas. Comprehensive public health and government approaches to ensure access and affordability of good quality foods to populations of all ages, particularly during the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic, are crucial.

scholarly journals Sarcopenic Obesity in Africa: A Call for Diagnostic Methods and Appropriate Interventions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Mendham ◽  
Lillemor Lundin-Olsson ◽  
Julia H. Goedecke ◽  
Lisa K. Micklesfield ◽  
Dirk L. Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Sarcopenic Obesity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Diagnostic Criterion

This perspective aims to highlight the lack of current knowledge on sarcopenic obesity in Africa and to call for diagnostic methods and appropriate interventions. Sarcopenic obesity has been defined as obesity that occurs in combination with low muscle mass and function, which is typically evident in older adults. However, there has been no clear consensus on population-specific diagnostic criterion, which includes both gold-standard measures that can be used in a more advanced health care system, and surrogate measures that can be used in low-income settings with limited resources and funding. Importantly, low and middle-income countries (LMICs) across Africa are in an ongoing state of economic and social transition, which has contributed to an increase in the aging population, alongside the added burden of poverty, obesity, and associated co-morbidities. It is anticipated that alongside the increased prevalence of obesity, these countries will further experience an increase in age-related musculoskeletal diseases such as sarcopenia. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) approach will allow clinicians and researchers to consider developmental trajectories, and the influence of the environment, for targeting high-risk individuals and communities for treatment and/or prevention-based interventions that are implemented throughout all stages of the life course. Once a valid and reliable diagnostic criterion is developed, we can firstly assess the prevalence and burden of sarcopenic obesity in LMICs in Africa, and secondly, develop appropriate and sustainable interventions that target improved dietary and physical activity behaviors throughout the life course.

Le dinamiche del reddito nella terza etŕ

2009 ◽  
pp. 139-156
Author(s):  
katherine Hill
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Older People ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Personal Resources ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Insight Into

- Later life can be seen as period of income stability compared to other stages of the life course, and a key issue for older people in low income households is that they have limited means of pro-actively improving their financial situation. This article draws on a qualitative longitudinal study which explored how older people experienced changes in their financial circumstances across a two year period. The findings demonstrate that even where people did not feel that their financial circumstances had changed overall, this did not necessarily indicate a steady state. The study explored the interrelationship between changes in income and outgoings, as well as changing needs, and this article provides an insight into how social and personal resources are drawn on to help manage financial change and maintain stability. In doing so, it illustrates the extent of work that can be involved in maintaining a steady state in constrained circumstances.

scholarly journals Challenges to Engage Low-Skilled Adults in Education and Training: An International Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 389-389
Author(s):  
Sydney Shadovitz ◽  
Abigail Helsinger ◽  
Phyllis Cummins
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
And Training

Abstract The demand for adult education and training (AET) opportunities throughout the life course is substantial as labor markets often require workers to obtain advanced skills. AET opportunities are more often pursued by high-income and high-skilled workers than low-skilled or low-income workers. With the increased prominence of job automation and technological advances in the workforce, low-skilled workers are at risk for fewer opportunities within the labor market. These factors emphasize the importance of providing learning opportunities throughout the life course. In this mixed-methods study, we analyzed 2012/2014 data from the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) for the U.S., Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden to compare participation rates in non-formal education (NFE) by high and low-skilled adults. Countries were selected based on qualitative findings that inform best practices. Additionally, to gain insights of policies and programs that promote NFE, international key informant interviews (n = 33) were conducted. AET policies and programs, along with barriers such as cost, motivation, and time, were explored with key informants. Findings include (1) aging and skills are negatively correlated in all nations of interest; (2) low-skilled adults are less likely to participate in NFE than their high-skilled counterparts; (3) low-skilled workers in Norway and the Netherlands are more likely to participate in NFE than their U.S. counterparts; and (4) NFE is often more acceptable to low-skilled adults due to previous negative experiences with formal education. Using these findings, we discuss successful AET programs in Nordic countries for overcoming barriers.

scholarly journals Life course socioeconomic position and body composition in adulthood: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charis Bridger Staatz ◽  
Yvonne Kelly ◽  
Rebecca E. Lacey ◽  
Joanna M. Blodgett ◽  
Anitha George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
English Language ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Narrative Synthesis ◽  
Direct Technique

Abstract Introduction Multiple systematic reviews have investigated the relation between socioeconomic position (SEP) and body mass index (BMI) throughout the life course. However, BMI does not capture quantity and distribution of fat and muscle, which are better indicators of obesity than BMI, and have been independently linked to adverse health outcomes. Less is known about the relation between SEP and body composition, and the literature has not been reviewed. We therefore systematically reviewed the literature on the association between life course SEP and body composition in adulthood. Methods A protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019119937), and the review followed PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search of three databases (MEDLINE, Embase Classic + Embase and SPORTDiscus) was conducted. Original studies in the English language were included that examine the association between any recognised measure of SEP at any age and body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, ratio and distribution) in adulthood, measured using a direct technique, i.e., not an anthropometric measure. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Results A total of 47 papers were included in the final review, none were from low-income countries (LICs). Greater advantage in childhood and adulthood was associated with lower fat levels in high-income countries (HICs). Associations in the opposite direction were found exclusively in middle-income countries (MICs). No studies in MICs reported associations for childhood SEP. For measures of lean mass, the majority of papers reported no association, or greater advantage in adulthood associated with higher lean mass, with little variation between HICs and MICs. Associations in HICs are more often observed in women than men. Conclusion The results indicate that fat measures follow similar patterns to those seen for BMI, and that women in HICs are more likely to experience inequalities in both fat and lean measures. Further research in LICs and MICs is needed.

scholarly journals A life course analysis of income and incident AMI - a Danish register based cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Lund ◽  
M Kriegbaum ◽  
I Andersen ◽  
C O Hougaard ◽  
H Brønnum-Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Social Gradient ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Social inequality in ischemic heart disease has been related to socioeconomic position in childhood, early and late adulthood. However, the impact of relative level of accumulated income periods across adult life course and the potential gender and age differences has not been investigated. The aim was to investigate the association between relative level of accumulated income across the life course and Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from age 60+ and to study if the associations differ by gender and exposure in different age groups (30-39 years, 40-49 years and 50-59 years). Methods All Danes born 1935-54 N = 1,235,139 were followed-up in registers for incident AMI (ICD8: 410, ICD10: I20, I21) from age 60+, (42,669 cases). The The Accumulated Proportional Deviation from Median Equivalized Income = APDMEI for each gender/age /calendar year strata was constructed and divided in quartiles. The analyses stratified by birth cohort included all Danes born in 1955-70 (alive and reached age 40) N = 1,144,264, 1945-64 (alive and reached age 50), N = 1,434,769, 1935-1954 (alive and reached age 60) N = 1,235,139 including outcomes in the following 10 year period. Cox’s proportional hazard models adjusted for educational level, ethnic background and birth cohort. Results Among men, those in the lowest APDMEI quartile had a HR 1.40 (1.35-1.45) of AMI compared to the highest quartile, second and third highest quartiles had HR of 1.24 (1.20-1.28) and 1.14 (1.10-1.18), respectively. Among women the lowest quartile had a HR of 1.78 (1.69-1.88), the second 1.45 (1.37-1.53) and the third 1.19 (1.13-1.26). The social gradient was similar across the different age-groups. Conclusions The risk of AMI increased with lower levels of relative accumulated income across the life course. While men generally had a higher risk of AMI, the social gradient was steeper in women. There was no indication of a specific sensitive age period for exposure to relative level of accumulated income. Key messages Accumulated low income is associated with higher AMI risk in both men and women, but with larger relative differences between high and low accumulated income in women. This study adds a new approach to the study of inequalities in AMI by integrating duration and extent of low income into a relative measure of accumulated income.

scholarly journals Financial Scarcity Undermines Health Across the Globe and the Life Course

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Sommet ◽  
Dario Spini
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Longitudinal Effects ◽  
Inequality In Health ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality In Health

The gradient between income and health is well established: the lower the income, the poorer the health. However, low income (having few economic resources) may not be enough to characterize economic vulnerability, and financial scarcity (perceiving having insufficient economic resources) may further reduce health. First, analysis of cross-national data (275,000+ participants from 200+ country-years) revealed that financial scarcity was associated with twice the odds of suffering from reduced self-rated health and feelings of unhappiness; this association was observed in ≈90% of the country-years and explained variance over and above income. Second, analysis of national longitudinal data (20,000+ participants over 20 years of assessment) revealed that facing financial scarcity in the course of one’s life decreased self-rated and objective health and increased feelings of depression; again, these effects explained variance over and above income. Two subsidiary findings were obtained: (i) three adverse life events (illness, separation, family conflicts) predicted financial scarcity over the life course, and (ii) self-mastery (a component of sense of control) accounted for the detrimental longitudinal effects of financial scarcity on health. This research suggests that to understand socioeconomic inequality in health, one should consider not only an individual’s quantity of monetary resources but also the perceived sufficiency of these resources.

Women, men, and health

2021 ◽  
pp. 415-430
Author(s):  
Diane Cooper ◽  
Hanani Tabana
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Gender Influence ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Life Course

This chapter explores the ways in which sex and gender influence health. There are important differences between men and women in their risk of premature death and in the main causes of death. In virtually every country around the world men have a lower life expectancy than women, although the gap in life expectancy is narrower in low-income countries. Similarly, women and men have different patterns of ill health across the life course, and again the gap varies between countries. Both sex and gender play a part in these variations. Sex, or biological factors, influence risks of different diseases and health conditions, and also affects survival following diagnosis. However, socially constructed gender-linked factors are also important and also affect exposure to social and environmental risk factors. In addition, gendered differences in men and women’s use of healthcare, and inequalities in access to services and how appropriate these are, impact on health outcomes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document