scholarly journals Designing artificial sodium ion reservoirs to emulate biological synapses

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongshin Kim ◽  
Jang-Sik Lee
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Synaptic Functions ◽  
Von Neumann Architecture ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ionic Movements

Abstract Emulating neurons/synapses in the brain is an important step to realizing highly efficient computers. This fact makes neuromorphic devices important emerging solutions to the limitations imposed by the current computing architecture. To mimic synaptic functions in the brain, it is critical to replicate ionic movements in the nervous system. It is therefore important to note that ions move easily in liquids. In this study, we demonstrate a liquid-based neuromorphic device that is capable of mimicking the movement of ions in the nervous system by controlling Na+ movement in an aqueous solution. The concentration of Na+ in the solution can control the ionic conductivity of the device. The device shows short-term and long-term plasticity such as excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, potentiation, and depression, which are key properties for memorization and computation in the brain. This device has the potential to overcome the limitations of current von Neumann architecture-based computing systems and substantially advance the technology of neuromorphic computing.

scholarly journals Memristive Artificial Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Huang ◽  
Xuwen Xia ◽  
Chen Zhu ◽  
Parker Steichen ◽  
Weidong Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Neuromorphic Computing ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Optical Signals ◽  
Synaptic Functions ◽  
Neuromorphic Systems ◽  
Von Neumann Architecture ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Working Mechanisms

AbstractNeuromorphic computing simulates the operation of biological brain function for information processing and can potentially solve the bottleneck of the von Neumann architecture. This computing is realized based on memristive hardware neural networks in which synaptic devices that mimic biological synapses of the brain are the primary units. Mimicking synaptic functions with these devices is critical in neuromorphic systems. In the last decade, electrical and optical signals have been incorporated into the synaptic devices and promoted the simulation of various synaptic functions. In this review, these devices are discussed by categorizing them into electrically stimulated, optically stimulated, and photoelectric synergetic synaptic devices based on stimulation of electrical and optical signals. The working mechanisms of the devices are analyzed in detail. This is followed by a discussion of the progress in mimicking synaptic functions. In addition, existing application scenarios of various synaptic devices are outlined. Furthermore, the performances and future development of the synaptic devices that could be significant for building efficient neuromorphic systems are prospected.

scholarly journals Multiplexed neurochemical transmission emulated using a dual-excitatory synaptic transistor

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxue Ma ◽  
Yao Ni ◽  
Zirong Chi ◽  
Wanqing Meng ◽  
Haiyang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Binary Neural Network ◽  
Neuromorphic Systems ◽  
Human Brains

AbstractThe ability to emulate multiplexed neurochemical transmission is an important step toward mimicking complex brain activities. Glutamate and dopamine are neurotransmitters that regulate thinking and impulse signals independently or synergistically. However, emulation of such simultaneous neurotransmission is still challenging. Here we report design and fabrication of synaptic transistor that emulates multiplexed neurochemical transmission of glutamate and dopamine. The device can perform glutamate-induced long-term potentiation, dopamine-induced short-term potentiation, or co-release-induced depression under particular stimulus patterns. More importantly, a balanced ternary system that uses our ambipolar synaptic device backtrack input ‘true’, ‘false’ and ‘unknown’ logic signals; this process is more similar to the information processing in human brains than a traditional binary neural network. This work provides new insight for neuromorphic systems to establish new principles to reproduce the complexity of a mammalian central nervous system from simple basic units.

scholarly journals TAILA DHARA IN NIDRANASHA W.S.R. TO INSOMNIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Raosaheb Patil
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Deep Sleep ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
The Mind

ABSTRACT Ayurveda says Nidra yuktam Sukham Dukkham, In fact, it says that sleep is one of the three pillars of health. Insomnia or Nidranasha, is not just about being not getting proper sleep but it means that the nervous system has been weakened and reduces our ability to cope up with daily sleep. Insomnia is named as Nidranasha, happens due to vitiation of Kapha, Pitta and Vata dosha. Proper and deep sleep helps the person keep Energetic, Enthusiastic, does Brumhana, increases the Bala, increases vigour and vitality and most it keeps the Mind in stable state for gaining knowledge. Insomnia means inability to get sleep at night or inability to have a restful and sound sleep. Insomnia is typically followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and a depressed mood. Insomnia can be short term, lasting for days or weeks, or long term, lasting more than a month. Insomnia can occur independently or as a result of another problem. Conditions that can result in insomnia include psychological stress, chronic pain, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, heartburn, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, Arthritis, menopause, and certain medications, and drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. Treatment of Insomnia:- Panchakarma â€“ Taila dhara a type of Shirodhara is very much useful in combacting the Insomnia caused due to various above said disorders. So its a demand of time to know about the real sleep and the disturbed sleep according to Ayurveda and Mordern medicines also and effect of Taila Dhara Brahmi,Jatamamsi siddha) in treating Insomnia.

scholarly journals Short-term and long-term international scientific mobility of Italian PhDs: An analysis by gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Valentina Tocchioni ◽  
Alessandra Petrucci ◽  
Alessandra Minello
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Early Career ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Academic Mobility ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Brain

In the last years, there has been a large increase in high-educated and high-skilled people’s mobility as a consequence of the internationalization and globalization, the weakening of research and university systems of sending countries (the “brain drain” process), the increase in skilled demand and improvements in higher education of host countries (the “brain gain” process). At the micro-level, academic mobility has positive consequences on occupational prospects and careers of researchers, both in the short- and long- run. Nevertheless, numerous research studies have demonstrated the challenges of engaging in international academic mobility for people with caring responsibilities, particularly women. Using Italian data on occupational conditions of PhDs collected in 2018 by Istat and modelling multinomial logistic regression analyses, we intend to verify if female researchers are associated with a lower international mobility irrespective their field of study, and the extent to which gender interacts differently in the various fields of study in affecting the probability of moving abroad after PhD qualification. Also, the distinction between long-term and short-term mobility, which has been mainly neglected in the literature concentrating on longer stays, has taken into account. In this respect, short-term mobility is a potentially high-value investment that may be pursued also by those researchers and scientists who cannot move for longer periods, such as women with caring responsibilities. In the literature, it is acknowledged that an experience abroad during early career may have positive effects on future occupational prospects. With our work, we intend to shed light on potential disparities on moving abroad that may exist among researchers in their early career by gender, and which could contribute to leave behind women in academia.

scholarly journals Functional Connectivity within Brain Networks of Long Term and Short term Meditators

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Statistical Concept ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Meditative Practices

Meditation refers to a state of mind of relaxation and concentration, where generally the mind and body is at rest. The process of meditation reflects the state of the brain which is distinct from sleep or typical wakeful states of consciousness. Meditative practices usually involve regulation of emotions and monitoring of attention. Over the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in an interest to study the neural mechanisms involved in meditative practices. It could also be beneficial to explore if the effect of meditation is altered by the number of years of meditation practice. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a very useful imaging technique which can be used to perform this analysis due to its inherent benefits, mainly it being a non-invasive technique. Functional activation and connectivity analysis can be performed on the fMRI data to find the active regions and the connectivity in the brain regions. Functional connectivity is defined as a simple temporal correlation between anatomically separate, active neural regions. Functional connectivity gives the statistical dependencies between regional time series. It is a statistical concept and is quantified using metrics like Correlation. In this study, a comparison is made between functional connectivity in the brain regions of long term meditation practitioners (LTP) and short-term meditation practitioners (STP) to see the differences and similarities in the connectivity patterns. From the analysis, it is evident that in fact there is a difference in connectivity between long term and short term practitioners and hence continuous practice of meditation can have long term effects.

Neurosurgery nursing

2020 ◽  
pp. 279-352
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulator ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Vagal Nerve Stimulator ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Neurosurgery describes the surgical treatment and management of various disease processes that target the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The specialty is wide and varied as increasing numbers of neurological conditions can now be improved following neurosurgery; for example, some types of epilepsy respond to the insertion of a vagal nerve stimulator, Parkinson’s disease symptoms can be diminished with a deep brain stimulator, and intractable back pain may be improved following spinal surgery. Practitioners must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to care for these patients and meet their immediate and long-term needs.

Prolonged retention of the anorectic cobalt protoporphyrin in the hypothalamus and the resulting expression of Fos

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (2) ◽  
pp. R465-R471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Galbraith ◽  
Ilean Hodgdon ◽  
Michele S. Grimm ◽  
Margaret A. Vizzard
Keyword(s):  
Male Rats ◽  
Halothane Anesthesia ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Prolonged Duration ◽  
Cobalt Protoporphyrin ◽  
Prolonged Retention ◽  
The Brain

The anorectic cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) is known to elicit short-term hypophagia and long-term weight loss through unknown mechanisms in the brains of experimental animals. The goal of this work was to determine 1) if the prolonged duration of action of CoPP is related to its prolonged retention within the brain; and 2) with the use of immunohistochemical detection of Fos, the product of the early-immediate gene c-fos, which cells are activated after exposure to CoPP. These studies were carried out in male rats after intracerebroventricular administration of CoPP, 0.4 μmol/kg body wt, given under light halothane anesthesia. Residence of CoPP in the brain was determined by residual counts in dissected brains of 57CoPP-injected rats. Fos immunoreactivity was mapped in coronal sections of rat brains 4–6 h after injection with CoPP. The results showed that 57CoPP was retained in the hypothalamus preferentially compared with the cortex of the brain and could be detected in the hypothalamus for in excess of 5 wk. Fos activation was increased by CoPP, detected predominantly in neuronal rather than glial cells, and was markedly more robust in the hypothalamus than in other brain areas. Thus CoPP remains in the hypothalamus for prolonged periods and activates Fos expression in the hypothalamus.

Autoimmune Neurologic Diseases in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 355-370
Author(s):  
Michael Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Autoimmune Process ◽  
Rare Disorders ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Neurologic Outcomes ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAutoimmune diseases of the nervous system in children are composed of a heterogeneous group of rare disorders that can affect the central or peripheral nervous system at any level. Presentations may occur in children of any age and are typically acute or subacute in onset. Consideration of an autoimmune process as the etiology of neurologic diseases in children is important, as it may lead to early initiation of immunotherapy and an improvement in long-term neurologic outcomes. The developing nervous and immune systems in children create unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment of these rare diseases. In this review, autoimmune diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscle in children are described.

A Mathematical Model of Short-Term Memory

SIMULATION ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 46-51
Author(s):  
W. Ross Adey ◽  
N.V. Findler
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neuron Density ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
The Brain

It is attempted in this paper to give a mathematical description of the short-term memory. Instead of using the microscopic properties of individual neu rons, such as the number of interconnections, neuron density, threshold value, etc., the cerebral cortex is regarded as a "neuron gas" that is a vast conglomer ate of neurons with statistically distributed charac teristics. Stimuli from the environment cause the receptor neurons to emit virtual electromagnetic waves into the brain. A self-optimizing process of the brain tis sue is here described by which the useful, informa tion-carrying energy reaching the long-term memory tends to maximum. It is emphasized that in the following a brain model is described and the physical processes in volved may have no direct equivalent in reality.

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