Autoimmune Neurologic Diseases in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 355-370
Author(s):  
Michael Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Autoimmune Process ◽  
Rare Disorders ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Neurologic Outcomes ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAutoimmune diseases of the nervous system in children are composed of a heterogeneous group of rare disorders that can affect the central or peripheral nervous system at any level. Presentations may occur in children of any age and are typically acute or subacute in onset. Consideration of an autoimmune process as the etiology of neurologic diseases in children is important, as it may lead to early initiation of immunotherapy and an improvement in long-term neurologic outcomes. The developing nervous and immune systems in children create unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment of these rare diseases. In this review, autoimmune diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscle in children are described.

The Organization of the Nervous System

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Aminoff
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Long Thoracic Nerve ◽  
System P ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Brain

Bell came up with a number of original concepts concerning the organization and operation of the nervous system in health and disease. The focus of Bell’s 1811 book was the brain, not the nerve roots. Bell suggested that parts of the brain differ in function; peripheral nerves are composed of nerve fibers with different functions; nerves conduct only in one direction; sense organs are specialized to receive only one form of sensory stimulus; and perception depends on the part of the brain activated. In later publications, he described a sixth (muscle or proprioceptive) sense and the circle of the nerves subserving it; movement and reciprocal innervation; and the long thoracic nerve (Bell’s nerve).

NEUROLOGIC DISEASES IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-957
Author(s):  
William A. Hawke ◽  
John S. Prichard
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

THE SEMINAR was conducted in four 3-hour sessions and aimed to cover the more important features of pediatric neurology. DEVELOPMENT Dr. Hawke reviewed the normal development of the central nervous system in the infant and child which is so important in the assessment of neurologic disorders in this age group. It was noted that the nervous system was particularly immature and changing rapidly in the first 2 years of life. Development was related to myelination and it was emphasized that this was not a steady process but a pattern of sequences of rapid and slow growth. Motor and sensory development appeared to develop from above and to proceed downward, so that eye-control develops before hand- and legcontrol. Development was related to three functioning levels of the central nervous system—the brain stem, the archipallium, and the neopallium. It was observed that the newborn baby functioned at the brain stem level, and to illustrate this an example was given of the hydranencephalic baby which behaves perfectly normally for the first few weeks of life. The anchipallium, which includes part of the temporal lobe, the cingulate gyrus and basal ganglia, supervenes on the brain stem and may be considered responsible for the basic emotions and some primitive motor and sensory control. The neopallium, which includes most of the cerebral hemisphere, becomes dominant in primates. Its function is intellectual rather than emotional and is responsible for skills, discrimination and fine movements. The clinical application of these developmental patterns are innumerable but illustrations were given of changes in physical signs in static brain lesions.

Radiculopathies and Neuropathies

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Chuang ◽  
William S David
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cervical Radiculopathy ◽  
Lumbosacral Spine ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Spinal Segment ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Pain Medications

“Radiculopathies” are disorders of nerve roots, whereas “neuropathies” are disorders of the peripheral nerve. These disorders may involve single roots or nerves, multiple roots or nerves, and even other aspects of the nervous system. This chapter reviews the anatomy and pathophysiology of the peripheral nervous system; the general approach to radiculopathies and neuropathies, including clinical manifestations and localization, diagnostic studies, and treatment; radiculopathies, including anatomy, cervical radiculopathy, lumbosacral radiculopathy, thoracic radiculopathy, and cauda equina syndrome; and neuropathies, including  mononeuropathies and polyneuropathies. Tables describe the innervation of select nerve roots and peripheral nerves, differences between root and nerve lesions, commonly used neuropathic pain medications, distinctive patterns of neuropathy with limited differential diagnoses, differential diagnosis of demyelinating polyneuropathy, drugs that may cause polyneuropathy, and neuropathies associated with diabetes mellitus. Figures show the anatomy of a spinal segment, nerve fascicles, ultrasound images of the median nerve, magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbosacral spine, the Spurling maneuver, and physical examination maneuvers for lumbosacral radiculopathies. This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 77 references.

Neurosurgery nursing

2020 ◽  
pp. 279-352
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Surgery ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulator ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Vagal Nerve Stimulator ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Neurosurgery describes the surgical treatment and management of various disease processes that target the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The specialty is wide and varied as increasing numbers of neurological conditions can now be improved following neurosurgery; for example, some types of epilepsy respond to the insertion of a vagal nerve stimulator, Parkinson’s disease symptoms can be diminished with a deep brain stimulator, and intractable back pain may be improved following spinal surgery. Practitioners must be equipped with the knowledge and skills to care for these patients and meet their immediate and long-term needs.

scholarly journals Neuromonitoring

2020 ◽  
pp. S35-S39
Author(s):  
M Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Surgical Approach ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
Awake Patient ◽  
Permanent Damage ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

Neuromonitoring is used during surgery to assess the functional integrity of the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves. The aim of monitoring is to prevent permanent damage by early intervention when changes are detected in the monitor. Neuromonitoring is also used to map areas of the nervous system in order to guide management in some cases. The best neuromonitor remains the awake patient. In the conscious state, the function of individual parts of the nervous system and the complex interactions of its different parts can be assessed more accurately. However, most surgical procedures involving the nervous system require general anaesthesia. Procedures that require neuromonitoring can have changes in their monitored parameters corrected by modifying the surgical approach or by having the anaesthesiologist manipulate the parameters under their control. An ideal neuromonitor would be one that is specific for the parameter of interest, and gives reliable, reproducible, or continuous results.

scholarly journals “Neurocovid”: An Analysis of the Impact of Covid-19 on the Older Adults. Evolving Psychological and Neuropsychological Understanding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Palermo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitive Frailty ◽  
Daily Routines ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

When SARS-CoV-2 began to spread, older adults experienced disproportionately greater adverse effects from the pandemic, including exacerbation of pre-existing physical and cognitive frailty conditions. More severe complications, higher mortality, and concerns about disruptions to their daily routines and access to care. Knowledge about the impact of COVID-19 on the brain is rapidly accumulating and this is reflected in the increasing use of the term “neurocovid”. Co-involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system had already been observed in SARS patients, but COVID-19 seems to invade it with greater affinity than other coronaviruses. This chapter provides an overview of the expanding understanding of the multiple ways in which COVID-19 affects the human brain, discuss the likelihood of long-term sequelae of neurocovid, and their implications for cognitive functions and behaviors in the elderly.

scholarly journals Modern aspects of neuropathogenesis and neurological manifestations of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
L.A. Dziak ◽  
O.S. Tsurkalenko ◽  
K.V. Chekha ◽  
V.M. Suk
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Altered Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Coronavirus infection is a systemic pathology resulting in impairment of the nervous system. The involvement of the central nervous system in COVID-19 is diverse by clinical manifestations and main mechanisms. The mechanisms of interrelations between SARS-CoV-2 and the nervous system include a direct virus-induced lesion of the central nervous system, inflammatory-mediated impairment, thrombus burden, and impairment caused by hypoxia and homeostasis. Due to the multi-factor mechanisms (viral, immune, hypoxic, hypercoagulation), the SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a wide range of neurological disorders involving both the central and peripheral nervous system and end organs. Dizziness, headache, altered level of consciousness, acute cerebrovascular diseases, hypogeusia, hyposmia, peripheral neuropathies, sleep disorders, delirium, neuralgia, myalgia are the most common signs. The structural and functional changes in various organs and systems and many neurological symptoms are determined to persist after COVID-19. Regardless of the numerous clinical reports about the neurological and psychiatric symptoms of COVID-19 as before it is difficult to determine if they are associated with the direct or indirect impact of viral infection or they are secondary to hypoxia, sepsis, cytokine reaction, and multiple organ failure. Penetrated the brain, COVID-19 can impact the other organs and systems and the body in general. Given the mechanisms of impairment, the survivors after COVID-19 with the infection penetrated the brain are more susceptible to more serious diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, cognitive decline, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune diseases. Given the multi-factor pathogenesis of COVID-19 resulting in long-term persistence of the clinical symptoms due to impaired neuroplasticity and neurogenesis followed by cholinergic deficiency, the usage of Neuroxon® 1000 mg a day with twice-day dosing for 30 days. Also, a long-term follow-up and control over the COVID-19 patients are recommended for the prophylaxis, timely determination, and correction of long-term complications.

scholarly journals Mitigating Long-Term COVID-19 Consequences on Brain Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C. N. D'Arcy ◽  
Jagdeep K. Sandhu ◽  
Shawn Marshall ◽  
Markus Besemann
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Health Innovations ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Brain

COVID-19 is increasingly being linked to brain health impacts. The emerging situation is consistent with evidence of immunological injury to the brain, which has been described as a resulting “brain fog.” The situation need not be medicalized but rather clinically managed in terms of improving resilience for an over-stressed nervous system. Pre-existing comparisons include managing post-concussion syndromes and/or brain fog. The objective evaluation of changes in cognitive functioning will be an important clinical starting point, which is being accelerated through pandemic digital health innovations. Pre-morbid brain health can significantly optimize risk factors and existing clinical frameworks provide useful guidance in managing over-stressed COVID-19 nervous systems.

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Greenberg ◽  
Allen Desena
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Supportive Care ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that can be fatal or lead to long-term disability. Various triggers have been identified in children and adults, which presumably cause an autoimmune response targeting myelin. The resulting inflammation causes demyelination and edema of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Depending on which portion of the CNS is affected, patients will experience a variety of symptoms including weakness, numbness, ataxia, encephalopathy, and seizures. Treatment is currently focused on reducing the amount of inflammation and supportive care.

COVID-19, the Brain, and the Future: Is Infection by the Novel Coronavirus a Harbinger of Neurodegeneration?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adejoke Onaolapo ◽  
Olakunle Onaolapo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

: The possible impact of viral infections on the development or pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders remains largely unknown. However, there have been reports associating the influenza virus pandemic and long-term infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus with the development of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism or von Economo encephalitis. In the last one year plus, there has been a worldwide pandemic arising from infection with the novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 which causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome that has become associated with central nervous system symptoms or complications. Its possible central nervous system involvement is in line with emerging scientific evidence which shows that the human respiratory coronaviruses can enter the brain, infect neural cells, persist in the brain, and cause activation of myelin-reactive T cells. Currently, there is a dearth of scientific information on the acute or possible long-term impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 on the development of dementias and/or neurodegenerative diseases. This is not unrelated to the fact that the virus is ‘new’, and its effects on humans are still being studied. This narrative review examines extant literature for the impact of corona virus infections on the brain; as it considers the possibility that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could increase the risk for the development of neurodegenerative diseases or hasten their progression.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document