Overexpression of PvWOX3a in switchgrass promotes stem development and increases plant height

AbstractSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an important perennial, noninvasive, tall ornamental grass that adds color and texture to gardens and landscapes. Moreover, switchgrass has been considered a forage and bioenergy crop because of its vigorous growth, low-input requirements, and broad geography. Here, we identified PvWOX3a from switchgrass, which encodes a WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor. Transgenic overexpression of PvWOX3a in switchgrass increased stem length, internode diameter, and leaf blade length and width, all of which contributed to a 95% average increase in dry weight biomass compared with control plants. Yeast one-hybrid and transient dual-luciferase assays showed that PvWOX3a can repress the expression of gibberellin 2-oxidase and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase through apparently direct interaction with their promoter sequences. These results suggested that overexpression of PvWOX3a could increase gibberellin and cytokinin levels in transgenic switchgrass plants, which promotes cell division, elongation, and vascular bundle development. We also overexpressed PvWOX3a in a transgenic miR156-overexpressing switchgrass line that characteristically exhibited more tillers, thinner internodes, and narrower leaf blades. Double transgenic switchgrass plants displayed significant increases in internode length and diameter, leaf blade width, and plant height but retained a tiller number comparable to that of plants expressing miR156 alone. Ultimately, the double transgenic switchgrass plants produced 174% more dry-weight biomass and 162% more solubilized sugars on average than control plants. These findings indicated that PvWOX3a is a viable potential genetic target for engineering improved shoot architecture and biomass yield of horticulture, fodder, and biofuel crops.

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Growth Regulation of Sub-Tropical Perennials by Photoselective Plastic Films

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-19.2.65 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 65-68

Author(s):

Sandra B. Wilson ◽

Nihal C. Rajapakse

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Plant Height ◽

Plant Species ◽

Spectral Distribution ◽

Growth Regulation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stem Length ◽

Plastic Films ◽

Control Film ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Abstract Plant response to photoselective plastic films with varying spectral distribution properties was tested using three sub-tropical perennials: golden shrimp plant (Pachystachys lutea), Persian shield (Strobilanthes dyerianus), and cat whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus). Films were designated YXE-10 [far-red (FR) light-absorbing film] and SXE-4 [red (R) light absorbing film]. Light transmitted through YXE-10 films reduced plant height (stem length) of golden shrimp plant and cat whiskers by 10 and 20%, respectively. Light transmitted through SXE-4 films increased plant height by 9% for golden shrimp plant but did not significantly increase stem length of Persian shield and cat whiskers species. Chlorophyll, leaf area, and mean days to flower generally were not affected by photoselective films, with the exception that cat whisker plants grown under YXE-10 films had reduced leaf area when compared to plants grown under SXE-4 or control films. As compared to the control film, light transmitted through YXE-10 films reduced leaf dry weight by 22–31% and stem dry weight by 19–28%, depending on the plant species. Root dry weight was not affected by spectral films.

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PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN Arachis pintoy YANG DIBERI PERLAKUAN AIR KELAPA DAN PANJANG STEK

Pastura ◽

10.24843/pastura.2017.v06.i02.p03 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

C.L. Kaunang ◽

M. I. Pontoh

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Coconut Water ◽

Stem Length ◽

Root Volume ◽

Factor B ◽

Water Factor ◽

Two Factors ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Reproduction Method

Arachis pintoy can be reproduced in generative but also vegetative way, for example through cuttage. Problems arising from this reproduction method is the difficulty to form roots. The success rate of this method depends significantly on the size of the formed callus. To analyze the content of nutrients contained in the cuttage stem, we have to cut off the stem. And then it’s necessary to find out additional factors that can influence the forming of the callus with a large percentage of rooting. One alternative solution is the provision of coconut water which believed to contain a variety of nutrients and growth substances. Therefore, we conducted a study to find out the interaction of these two factors on the growth of Arachis pintoy The purpose and goal of this research is to study and identify the growth Arachis pintoy which treated with coconut water its influences on the stem length. This research has been performed in Agrostology Lab of Animal Husbandrys Faculty of Sam Ratulangi University, during a period of 60 days. The research materials consists of Arachis pintoy, Coconut Water and soil. While the research method use 2 experimental factors: Factor A is the Coconut water, Factor B is the after-cuttage-stem length of Arachis pintoy, which arranged through completely randomized design (CRD). Each factor consists of 3 treatments, which repeated 3 times. These factors are as follows: A = volume of Coconut water, A1 = 100 ml of coconut water, A2 = 200 ml of coconut water, and A3 = 300 ml of coconut water. Factor B = stem length of Arachis pintoy, B1 = 10 cm, B2 = 15 cm, and B3 = 20 cm. And the variables which measured in this study were plant height, dry weight of roots and the roots volume. The results showed that administration of coconut water and the length of the cuttings as well as the interaction of two factors give significant effect (P < 0.05) to the growth of the number of leaves and root dry weight of the Arachis pintoy . Furthermore, coconut water does not give effect to the root volume and a combination of two factors do not impact on the growth of plant height. From the data analysis and discussion for all variables in this study , we can conclude that the best combination of growth in the number of leaves , dry weight of roots and root volume is the provision of 300 ml of coconut water and 10 cm stem length. Keywords: Arachis pintoy, coconut water and stem length

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Identifikasi Awal Perbedaan Karakter Morfofisiologi Antar Empat Kultivar Kopi Arabika

Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar ◽

10.21082/jtidp.v6n3.2019.p119-126 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Dani Dani ◽

Dewi Nur Rokhmah ◽

Dibyo Pranowo

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Selection Process ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Seedling Stage ◽

Stem Length ◽

Leaf Width ◽

Perennial Crop ◽

Arabica Coffee ◽

Physiological Characters

Arabica coffee is a perennial crop hence it has a long selection cycle. Therefore, efforts to shorten the selection process is necessary, such as at seedling stage. This study aims to identify morpho-physiological characters variability among Arabica coffee cultivars at seedling stage. The experiment was conducted at Pakuwon Experimental Garden of Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute, Sukabumi, from January to October 2017. Seeds collected from open pollinated trees of four arabica coffee cultivars (Ateng Super, P88, Gayo 1, and Gayo 2) were then sown on seedbed and newly-emerged cotyledonous seedlings were transferred immediately into polyethylene bag (polybag). Seedlings were arranged in randomized complete block with 5 replications, each consisted of 10 seedlings of each cultivar. Morpho-physiological characters observed and analyzed were shoot (plant height, lateral shoot formation, number of internodes, internode length, stem diameter, shoot’s dry weight); leaves (number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, L/W ratio, leaf area, stomata density , chlorophyll content); and root (root length, number of primary roots, root volume, root’s dry weight, root/shoot ratio). The result showed value of genetic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), and broad sense heritability (h2bs) of plant height characters are classified as high, each of which is 21.66%; 23.66%; and 0.84, respectively. The characters of the stem length and leaf width showed high h2bs value (0.97 and 0.67 respectively), while the KKG and KKF values were classified as moderate (19.60% and 19.88%, respectively and 10.71% and 13.10%, respectively). Those three characters could be utilized as distincitive markers of the four Arabica coffee cultivars.

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Persistent Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Landscape Performance of Seed Geraniums

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-12.3.150 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 150-154

Author(s):

Joyce G. Latimer ◽

Sherrod A. Baden

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Height ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stem Length ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Landscape Performance ◽

Reduced Height ◽

Time Required

Abstract In 1988, spray applications of 3.5 or 7 ppm paclobutrazol, 1500 ppm chlormequat, or 200 ppm ancymidol were applied to seed geraniums (Pelargonium x hortorum L. H. Bailey ‘Ringo White’ and ‘Ringo Rose’) to determine effects on growth in the greenhouse and the subsequent growth and performance of treated plants in the landscape. All growth retardants reduced stem length and shoot dry weight as well as time required for flowering, while branching was increased relative to the untreated plants. Flowering in the landscape was increased by all growth regulator treatments at 4 weeks after planting but was generally not different from the untreated plants at 6 weeks after planting. Plant height and width were reduced by all treatments for both cultivars, relative to untreated plants, at 4 weeks after planting. However, only 7 ppm paclobutrazol reduced height and width of ‘Ringo White’ plants at 6 weeks after planting. Plant height, but not width, was reduced by all treatments for ‘Ringo Rose’ at 6 weeks after planting. In 1989, seedlings of ‘Ringo Rose’ were treated with 3.5, 7, 16, 40, or 80 ppm paclobutrazol or 1500 ppm chlormequat or 200 ppm ancymidol. Seedling growth was excessively reduced by 40 or 80 ppm paclobutrazol. Time required for flowering was not reduced by growth regulators in 1989. Landscape performance under conditions of excess rain was not improved by plant growth regulators and the height of plants treated with 16, 40 or 80 ppm paclobutrazol was still less than that of the untreated plants at 12 weeks after planting. Only chlormequat controlled plant growth in the greenhouse without delaying the resumption of growth in the landscape.

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Container Size and Shade Duration Affect Growth of Flowering Dogwood

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04392-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 842-853

Author(s):

Anthony L. Witcher ◽

Fulya Baysal-Gurel ◽

Eugene K. Blythe ◽

Donna C. Fare

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Nitrate Nitrogen ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

Stem Diameter ◽

Production Cycle ◽

Flowering Dogwood ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Vigorous Growth ◽

Bare Root

Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) is a valuable nursery product typically produced as a field-grown crop. Container-grown flowering dogwood can grow much faster than field-grown plants, thus shortening the production cycle, yet unacceptable crop loss and reduced quality continue to be major issues with container-grown plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of container size and shade duration on growth of flowering dogwood cultivars Cherokee Brave™ and Cherokee Princess from bare-root liners. In 2015, bare-root liners were transplanted to 23-L (no. 7) containers and placed under shade for 0 months (full sun), 2 months (sun4/shade2), 4 months (sun2/shade4), or 6 months (full shade) during the growing season. In 2016, one-half of the plants remained in no. 7 containers and the other half were transplanted to 50-L (no. 15) containers and assigned to the same four shade treatments. In 2015, plant height was greatest with full shade for both cultivars, whereas stem diameter and shoot dry weight (SDW) were greatest in full shade for Cherokee Brave™. In 2016, both cultivars in no. 15 containers had greater plant height, stem diameter, root dry weight (RDW), and SDW. Full shade resulted in the greatest height, stem diameter, RDW, and SDW for Cherokee Brave™, and improved overall growth for ‘Cherokee Princess’. However, vigorous growth due to container size and shade exposure increased the severity of powdery mildew (Erysiphe pulchra) in both years. Substrate leachate nutrient concentration (nitrate nitrogen and phosphate) was greater in no. 15 containers but shade duration had no effect.

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THE EFFECT OF SALINITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND SPRAYING BY HUMIC ACID IN SOME OF MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies ◽

10.36531/ijds/20100101 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

E. K. Al-Fahdawe ◽

A. A. Al-Sumaidaie ◽

Y. K. Al-Hadithy

Keyword(s):

Humic Acid ◽

Plant Height ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Biological Yield ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium

A pots experiment was conducted at the Department of Biology/College of Education for Girls/University of Anbar during Autumn season of 2018-2019 to study the effect of the salinity irrigation water and spray by humic acid in some of morphological, physiological, growth and yield traits of wheat cv. IPa. The experiment was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was assigned for irrigation by saline water at four level (S0, S1, S2 and S3), while the second factor was the foliar spraying of humic acid in three level (0.0, 1.0 and 1.5 g l-1). The results showed that there was significant reduction in plant height, vegetative dry weight, biological yield and chlorophyll leaves content when the plants were irrigated by saline water approached to 41.09 cm, 0.747 g, 0.849 g plant-1 and 38.67 SPAD, respectively at salinity level of 8.3 ds m-1 compared with the plants which irrigated by fresh water. The total carbohydrates were significantly decreased at the treatment of 8.3 ds m-1 reached 18.71 mg g-1. Spray levels humic acid achieved a significant increase in plant height, dry weight of the vegetative part, biological yield and chlorophyll leaves content sprayed at 1.0 and 1.5 g l-1 compared to no sprayed. Nitrogen concentration was significantly increased, while both phosphorus and potassium were decreased in the vegetative parts of wheat as the salinity of irrigation water increased. However, the increase of humic acid levels led to significant increasing in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration.

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Effects of an Autoregulatory Senescence-inhibitor Gene Construct on Nicotiana alata Link and Otto.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.519d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 519d-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kenneth R. Schroeder ◽

Dennis P. Stimart

Keyword(s):

Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽

Plant Height ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Nicotiana Alata ◽

Wild Type ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Delayed Senescence ◽

Gene Construct ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Inhibitor System

Nicotiana alata Link and Otto. was transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens encoding a senescence-specific promoter SAG12 cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana fused to a Agrobacterium tumefaciens gene encoding isopentenyl transferase (IPT) that catalyzes cytokinin synthesis. This was considered an autoregulatory senescence-inhibitor system. In 1996, we reported delayed senescence of intact flowers by 2 to 6 d and delayed leaf senescence of transgenic vs. wild-type N. alata. Further evaluations in 1997 revealed several other interesting effects of the SAG12-IPT gene construct. Measurement of chlorophyll content of mature leaves showed higher levels of both chlorophyll a and b in transgenic material under normal fertilization and truncated fertilization regimes. At 4 to 5 months of age transgenic plants expressed differences in plant height, branching, and dry weight. Plant height was reduced by 3 to 13 cm; branch counts increased 2 to 3 fold; and shoot dry weight increased up to 11 g over wild-type N. alata. These observations indicate the system is not tightly autoregulated and may prove useful to the floriculture industry for producing compact and more floriferous plants.

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Musik Gamelan Bali Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan dan Produktivitas Tanaman Sawi Pakcoy (Brassica rafa L.)

Jurnal BETA (Biosistem dan Teknik Pertanian) ◽

10.24843/jbeta.2018.v06.i02.p03 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Dewa Putu Yoga Gautama ◽

I Made Anom S. Wijaya ◽

I Wayan Widia

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Height ◽

High Frequency ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Sound Waves ◽

High Frequency Sound ◽

Frequency Sound ◽

Green Leaves ◽

Mustard Plant ◽

Canopy Area

Pemberian gelombang suara dengan frekuensi tinggi dapat merangsang mulut daun (stomata) tetap terbuka, akibatnya laju dan efisiensi penyerapan pupuk meningkat yang bermanfaat bagi tanaman. Hasil penggunaan sonic bloom pada tanaman adalah mampu menstimulir metabolisme sel-sel tanaman, sehingga terjadi peningkatan penyerapan nutrisi dan uap air lewat daun yang berpengaruh pada pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu (1) untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian musik Gamelan Bali terhadap pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman sawi pakcoy dan (2) untuk menentukan jenis musik Gamelan Bali yang memberikan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas sawi pakcoy yang terbaik. Penelitan ini menggunakan tanaman sawi pakcoy (Brassica Rafa L.). Perlakuan yang diberikan dalam penelitian adalah pemberian musik gamelan bali dengan nuansa musik yang berbeda. Perlakuan 1 menggunakan musik gamelan Angklung, Perlakuan 2 menggunakan musik gamelan Semarpagulingan dan Perlakuan 3 menggunakan musik gamelan Gong Kebyar. Data yang diperoleh dianalis ANOVA dengan program IBM SPSS 20. Variabel yang diamati yaitu tinggi tanaman, luas kanopi daun tanaman, tingkat kehijauan daun tanaman, dan berat kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian musik gong kebyar menghasilkan nilai tertinggi pada variabel tinggi tanaman, luas kanopi daun, tingkat kehijauan daun, dan berat kering yang masing menghasilkan nilai yaitu yaitu 29,98 cm, 1684 cm2, 186,79, dan 68,61 gr. Pemberian musik memberikan pengaruh yang positif dan berbeda nyata pada pertumbuhan tanaman sawi pakcoy. Semakin tinggi frekuensi musik yang diberikan maka semakin baik pertumbuhan tanaman sawi pakcoy yang dihasilkan. High frequency sound waves can stimulate the mouth of leaf (stomata) remains opened.The stomata remains open leading to efficient absorption of fertilizer. The purposes of this research were (1) to find out the effect of Balinese instrument music on the growth and productivity of pakcoy mustard plant and (2) to determine the type of Balinese instrument music that gives the best growth and productivity of mustard pakcoy. The treatment of this research was the application of Balinese instrument music with different musical nuances for 3 hours. Treatment 1 was using Angklung instruments music, treatment 2 was using Semarpagulingan instrument music and treatment 3 using Gong Kebyar instrument music. The obtained data was analized by ANOVA with the IBM SPSS 20 program. The observed variables include plant height, canopy area of plant leaf, green leaves level and dry weight. The results showed that Gong Kebyar instrument music application produces the highest value of 29.98 on the height of the plant variables, the widest value of 1684 cm2 on the canopy area variables, the biggest value that is 68,61 gr on the dry weight variables and the largest value of 186.79 on the green leaves level variables. Balinese instrument music application effect to the growth of pakcoy mustard plant. The best plant growth was the plant with gong kebyar instrument music application from all observed variables.

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EFFECT OF SOLID AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ROSSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNAH

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2021-0502-632 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 428-439

Author(s):

K. M. Ladan ◽

M. G. Abubakar ◽

J. Suleiman

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Plant Height ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Assimilation Rate ◽

Area Index ◽

Net Assimilation ◽

100 Seed Weight

The Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of solid and liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield of rosselle in 2016 cropping season at Institute of Agricultural Reserve Zaria, Samaru (11011’N 07038E and 686m) and Institute of Horticultural Research Farm Bagauda (12000’N 8031”Em 488m) in Northern Guinea Savannah and Sudan Savannah Ecological Zones of above sea level Nigeria. Treatments consisted of four levels of solid poultry manure (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) tons/ha and five levels of liquid organic manure from Grand Total Organic Fertilizer Limited (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.9) litres/ha, which were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data on growth parameter were collected on plant height (cm), plant dry weight (g), leaf Area index crop growth rate (CGR) Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Net assimilation rate (NAR) while data on yield parameters like number of calyx per pant, 100 seed weight (g) and calyx yield per hectare kg/ha were collected. Results showed that plant height, plant dry weight(g), 100 seed weight(g) and calyx dry yield kg/ha had a significant increase with application of 2.0 litres/ha of liquid fertilizer than other rates. While application of solid poultry manure at 3.0ton/ha significantly increases plant height, net assimilation rate, leaf area index and calyx dry weight when compared with other rates. From the results obtained, the combination of 2.0 litres/ha liquid organic fertilizer and 3.0 ton/ha solid poultry manure produce the highest calyx yield at both location.

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Effect of Salinity Levels (NaCl) on Yield, Yield Components and Quality Content of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.) Cultivars

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development ◽

10.5296/emsd.v5i2.9852 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

Helale Bahrami ◽

Amir Ostadi Jafari ◽

Jamshid Razmjoo

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Yield Components ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Tap Water ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Salinity Level ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Weight Yield ◽

Yield And Yield Components ◽

Salinity Levels

Seeds of ten sesame cultivars (Karaj, Darab, Safiabad, Jiroft, Borazjan, Yellow-white, Felestin, Ultan, Isfahan and Abpakhsh) were sown into soil filled pots in 2008 and 2009. Pots were watered with six levels of salts (0.0038 (tap water as control), 4.89, 8.61, 10.5, 14.54, 17.74 ds.m-1 NaCl) until full maturity. Plant height, root and shoot dry weight, yield and yield components, seed oil and protein contents of cultivars were measured. Increasing salinity caused significant reduction in plant height, root and shoot dry weight, yield and yield components, seed oil and protein contents of all cultivars. However, there were significant differences among the cultivars for measured traits for each salinity level. Based on seed oil yield data, Safiabad and Kraj at 0.0038ds.m-1, Safiabad and Ultan at 4.89ds.m-1, Ultan, Safiabad and Darab at 8.61 salinity levels were the superior cultivars. High variability in tolerance to salinity among the tested sesame cultivars suggests that selection of more salt tolerant cultivars for planting or breeding purposes is possible.HighlightsEffects of contrasting salinity levels (0.0038 (tap water as control), 4.89, 8.61, 10.5, 14.54, 17.74 ds.m-1NaCl) on sesame cultivars were tested. Salinity reduced plant growth and yield and seed oil and protein contents. However, there were significant differences among the cultivars for measured traits for each salinity level.

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