scholarly journals A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angkana T. Huang ◽  
Bernardo Garcia-Carreras ◽  
Matt D. T. Hitchings ◽  
Bingyi Yang ◽  
Leah C. Katzelnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Antibody Kinetics

Abstract Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.

scholarly journals A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: antibody kinetics, correlates of protection, and association of antibody responses with severity of disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angkana T. Huang ◽  
Bernardo Garcia-Carreras ◽  
Matt D.T. Hitchings ◽  
Bingyi Yang ◽  
Leah Katzelnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Antibody Kinetics

The duration and nature of immunity generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The timescale of protection is a critical determinant of the future impact of the pathogen. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. The dynamics of immunity and nature of protection are relevant to discussions surrounding therapeutic use of convalescent sera as well as efforts to identify individuals with protective immunity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and human endemic coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 1281 abstracts and identified 322 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses to it, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.

scholarly journals Identifying and prioritising systematic review topics with public health stakeholders: A protocol for a modified Delphi study in Switzerland to inform future research agendas

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e015500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyon Hoekstra ◽  
Margot Mütsch ◽  
Christina Kien ◽  
Ansgar Gerhardus ◽  
Stefan K Lhachimi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Priority Setting ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Author ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
Delphi Round ◽  
A Priority ◽  
The University

IntroductionThe Cochrane Collaboration aims to produce relevant and top priority evidence that responds to existing evidence gaps. Hence, research priority setting (RPS) is important to identify which potential research gaps are deemed most important. Moreover, RPS supports future health research to conform both health and health evidence needs. However, studies that are prioritising systematic review topics in public health are surprisingly rare. Therefore, to inform the research agenda of Cochrane Public Health Europe (CPHE), we introduce the protocol of a priority setting study on systematic review topics in several European countries, which is conceptualised as pilot.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a two-round modified Delphi study in Switzerland, incorporating an anonymous web-based questionnaire, to assess which topics should be prioritised for systematic reviews in public health. In the first Delphi round public health stakeholders will suggest relevant assessment criteria and potential priority topics. In the second Delphi round the participants indicate their (dis)agreement to the aggregated results of the first round and rate the potential review topics with the predetermined criteria on a four-point Likert scale. As we invite a wide variety of stakeholders we will compare the results between the different stakeholder groups.Ethics and disseminationWe have received ethical approval from the ethical board of the University of Bremen, Germany (principal investigation is conducted at the University of Bremen) and a certificate of non-objection from the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland (fieldwork will be conducted in Switzerland). The results of this study will be further disseminated through peer reviewed publication and will support systematic review author groups (i.a. CPHE) to improve the relevance of the groups´ future review work. Finally, the proposed priority setting study can be used as a framework by other systematic review groups when conducting a priority setting study in a different context.

scholarly journals Shigella -Specific Immune Profiles Induced after Parenteral Immunization or Oral Challenge with Either Shigella flexneri 2a or Shigella sonnei

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. Clarkson ◽  
Chad K. Porter ◽  
Kawsar R. Talaat ◽  
Robert W. Frenck ◽  
Cristina Alaimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Oral Challenge ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Shigella Flexneri 2A ◽  
Parenteral Immunization

Although immune correlates of protection have yet to be defined for shigellosis, prior studies have demonstrated that Shigella infection provides protection against reinfection in a serotype-specific manner. Therefore, it is likely that subjects with moderate to severe disease post-oral challenge would be protected from a homologous rechallenge, and investigating immune responses in these subjects may help identify immune markers associated with the development of protective immunity.

scholarly journals Adjuvants: Classification,Modus Operandi, and Licensing

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana de Souza Apostólico ◽  
Victória Alves Santos Lunardelli ◽  
Fernanda Caroline Coirada ◽  
Silvia Beatriz Boscardin ◽  
Daniela Santoro Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
In The Beginning

Vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases. Although safer, subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic and for this reason the use of adjuvants is strongly recommended. Since their discovery in the beginning of the 20th century, adjuvants have been used to improve immune responses that ultimately lead to protection against disease. The choice of the adjuvant is of utmost importance as it can stimulate protective immunity. Their mechanisms of action have now been revealed. Our increasing understanding of the immune system, and of correlates of protection, is helping in the development of new vaccine formulations for global infections. Nevertheless, few adjuvants are licensed for human vaccines and several formulations are now being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly describe the most well known adjuvants used in experimental and clinical settings based on their main mechanisms of action and also highlight the requirements for licensing new vaccine formulations.

scholarly journals Identification of Surrogates and Correlates of Protection in Protective Immunity againstMycobacterium bovisInfection Induced in Neonatal Calves by Vaccination withM. bovisBCG Pasteur andM. bovisBCG Danish

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Hope ◽  
M. L. Thom ◽  
M. McAulay ◽  
E. Mead ◽  
H. M. Vordermeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Protection Against Infection

ABSTRACTVaccination of neonatal calves withMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces a significant degree of protection against infection with virulentM. bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). We compared two strains of BCG, Pasteur and Danish, in order to confirm that the current European human vaccine strain (BCG Danish) induced protective immunity in calves, and we assessed immune responses to determine correlates of protection that could assist future vaccine evaluation in cattle. Both vaccine strains induced antigen (purified protein derivate [PPD])-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in whole-blood cultures. These responses were not significantly different for BCG Pasteur and BCG Danish and peaked at week 2 to 4 postvaccination. Vaccination with either BCG Danish or BCG Pasteur induced significant protection against bTB, with reductions in both lesion score and bacteriological burden evident in both groups of vaccinated calves compared with nonvaccinated control calves. Measurement of IFN-γ-expressing T lymphocytes postvaccination and postchallenge revealed both correlates and surrogates of protective efficacy. The frequency of central memory T lymphocytes present at 12 weeks postvaccination (at the time ofM. bovischallenge) correlated significantly with protection. Conversely, the number of IFN-γ-expressing effector T cells present afterM. bovischallenge was correlated with disease. These results demonstrate that vaccination of neonatal calves with either BCG Pasteur or BCG Danish induces protective immune responses against TB. In addition, we show that measurement of antigen-specific T lymphocyte populations may provide a reliable means for identifying protective vaccine candidates.

scholarly journals Innovative Use of Wrist-Worn Wearable Devices in the Sports Domain: A Systematic Review

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan M. Santos-Gago ◽  
Mateo Ramos-Merino ◽  
Sonia Vallarades-Rodriguez ◽  
Luis M. Álvarez-Sabucedo ◽  
Manuel J. Fernández-Iglesias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Recommendation ◽  
Sensor Performance ◽  
Research Initiatives ◽  
Sports Activities ◽  
Open Issues

Wrist wearables are becoming more and more popular, and its use is widespread in sports, both professional and amateur. However, at present, they do not seem to exploit all their potential. The objective of this study is to explore innovative proposals for the use of wearable wrist technology in the field of sports, to understand its potential and identify new challenges and lines of future research related to this technology. A systematic review of the scientific literature, collected in 4 major repositories, was carried out to locate research initiatives where wrist wearables were introduced to address some sports-related challenges. Those works that were limited to evaluating sensor performance in sports activities and those in which wrist wearable devices did not play a significant role were excluded. 26 articles were eventually selected for full-text analysis that discuss the introduction of wrist-worn wearables to address some innovative use in the sports field. This study showcases relevant proposals in 10 different sports. The research initiatives identified are oriented to the use of wearable wrist technology (i) for the comprehensive monitoring of sportspeople’s behavior in activities not supported by the vendors, (ii) to identify specific types of movements or actions in specific sports, and (iii) to prevent injuries. There are, however, open issues that should be tackled in the future, such as the incorporation of these devices in sports activities not currently addressed, or the provision of specific recommendation services for sport practitioners.

scholarly journals Vaccinology in the era of high-throughput biology

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1671) ◽  
pp. 20140146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helder I. Nakaya ◽  
Bali Pulendran
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Molecular Signatures ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Induced Immunity ◽  
Experimental Challenge ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Vaccination has been tremendously successful saving lives and preventing infections. However, the development of vaccines against global pandemics such as HIV, malaria and tuberculosis has been obstructed by several challenges. A major challenge is the lack of knowledge about the correlates and mechanisms of protective immunity. Recent advances in the application of systems biological approaches to analyse immune responses to vaccination in humans are beginning to yield new insights about mechanisms of vaccine immunity, and to define molecular signatures, induced rapidly after vaccination, that correlate with and predict vaccine induced immunity. Here, we review these advances and discuss the potential of this systems vaccinology approach in defining novel correlates of protection in clinical trials, and in infection-induced ‘experimental challenge models' in humans.

scholarly journals A systematic review of narrative interventions: Lessons for countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and misinformation

2021 ◽  
pp. 096366252110118
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Lazić ◽  
Iris Žeželj
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Narrative Intervention ◽  
Cultural Worldviews ◽  
Corrective Information

Even if a small portion of the population refuses vaccination due to anti-vaccination conspiracy theories or misinformation, this poses a threat to public health. We argue that addressing conspiracy theories with only corrective information is not enough. Instead, considering that they are complex narratives embedded in personal and cultural worldviews, they should be encountered with counternarratives. To identify existing narrative interventions aimed at countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and, more generally, map prerequisites for a narrative intervention to be successful, we present a systematic review of experimental effects of exposure to pro-vaccine narratives on a range of vaccination outcomes, based on 17 studies and 97 comparisons. We did not find any narrative interventions aimed directly at conspiracy theories. However, the review allowed us to make evidence-based recommendations for future research and for public communicators. This might help pro-vaccine communication match anti-vaccine communication in its potential to spread and go viral.

scholarly journals Systemic, Mucosal, and Memory Immune Responses following Cholera

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Edward T. Ryan ◽  
Daniel T. Leung ◽  
Owen Jensen ◽  
Ana A. Weil ◽  
Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Public Health Threat ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
Cholera Vaccines

Vibrio cholerae O1, the major causative agent of cholera, remains a significant public health threat. Although there are available vaccines for cholera, the protection provided by killed whole-cell cholera vaccines in young children is poor. An obstacle to the development of improved cholera vaccines is the need for a better understanding of the primary mechanisms of cholera immunity and identification of improved correlates of protection. Considerable progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the adaptive and innate immune responses to cholera disease as well as V. cholerae infection. This review will assess what is currently known about the systemic, mucosal, memory, and innate immune responses to clinical cholera, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and correlates of protection against V. cholerae O1 infection.

scholarly journals A systematic review of narrative interventions: Lessons for countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and misinformation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Lazić ◽  
Iris Zezelj
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Narrative Intervention ◽  
Cultural Worldviews ◽  
Corrective Information

Even if a small portion of the population refuses vaccination due to anti-vaccination conspiracy theories or misinformation, this poses a threat to public health. We argue that addressing conspiracy theories with only corrective information is not enough. Instead, considering that they are complex narratives embedded in personal and cultural worldviews, they should be encountered with counternarratives. To identify existing narrative interventions aimed at countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and, more generally, map prerequisites for a narrative intervention to be successful, we present a systematic review of experimental effects of exposure to pro-vaccine narratives on a range of vaccination outcomes, based on 17 studies and 97 comparisons. We did not find any narrative interventions aimed directly at conspiracy theories. However, the review allowed us to make evidence-based recommendations for future research and for public communicators. This might help pro-vaccine communication match anti-vaccine communication in its potential to spread and go viral.

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