scholarly journals A systematic review of narrative interventions: Lessons for countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and misinformation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Lazić ◽  
Iris Zezelj
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Narrative Intervention ◽  
Cultural Worldviews ◽  
Corrective Information

Even if a small portion of the population refuses vaccination due to anti-vaccination conspiracy theories or misinformation, this poses a threat to public health. We argue that addressing conspiracy theories with only corrective information is not enough. Instead, considering that they are complex narratives embedded in personal and cultural worldviews, they should be encountered with counternarratives. To identify existing narrative interventions aimed at countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and, more generally, map prerequisites for a narrative intervention to be successful, we present a systematic review of experimental effects of exposure to pro-vaccine narratives on a range of vaccination outcomes, based on 17 studies and 97 comparisons. We did not find any narrative interventions aimed directly at conspiracy theories. However, the review allowed us to make evidence-based recommendations for future research and for public communicators. This might help pro-vaccine communication match anti-vaccine communication in its potential to spread and go viral.

scholarly journals A systematic review of narrative interventions: Lessons for countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and misinformation

2021 ◽  
pp. 096366252110118
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Lazić ◽  
Iris Žeželj
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Narrative Intervention ◽  
Cultural Worldviews ◽  
Corrective Information

Even if a small portion of the population refuses vaccination due to anti-vaccination conspiracy theories or misinformation, this poses a threat to public health. We argue that addressing conspiracy theories with only corrective information is not enough. Instead, considering that they are complex narratives embedded in personal and cultural worldviews, they should be encountered with counternarratives. To identify existing narrative interventions aimed at countering anti-vaccination conspiracy theories and, more generally, map prerequisites for a narrative intervention to be successful, we present a systematic review of experimental effects of exposure to pro-vaccine narratives on a range of vaccination outcomes, based on 17 studies and 97 comparisons. We did not find any narrative interventions aimed directly at conspiracy theories. However, the review allowed us to make evidence-based recommendations for future research and for public communicators. This might help pro-vaccine communication match anti-vaccine communication in its potential to spread and go viral.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Video Modeling for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soonhwa Seok ◽  
Boaventura DaCosta ◽  
Mikayla McHenry-Powell ◽  
Linda Heitzman-Powell ◽  
Katrina Ostmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Video Modeling ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Emotional And Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Students With Ebd

This systematic review examined eight studies showing that video modeling (VM) can have a positive and significant effect for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). Building upon meta-analyses that sought evidence of video-based interventions decreasing problem behaviors of students with EBD in K-12 education, the review examined the standards of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) for evidence-based practice as well as additional quality indicators, neglected quality indicators, strategies combined with VM, the impact of the independent variables on the dependent variables, and common recommendations offered for future research. Findings revealed that the eight studies met the CEC standards for evidence-based practices as well as other quality indicators. For instance, all studies reported content and setting, participants, intervention agents, description of practice, as well as interobserver agreement and experimental control. According to the findings, fidelity index and effect size were the two most neglected quality indicators. Furthermore, instructions, reinforcement system, and feedback or discussion were the most common strategies used. Finally, generalizability—across settings, populations, treatment agents, target behaviors in the real world, and subject matter—was the most common recommendation for future research. While further investigation is warranted, these findings suggest that VM is an effective evidence-based practice for students with EBD when the CEC standards are met.

scholarly journals Identifying and prioritising systematic review topics with public health stakeholders: A protocol for a modified Delphi study in Switzerland to inform future research agendas

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e015500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dyon Hoekstra ◽  
Margot Mütsch ◽  
Christina Kien ◽  
Ansgar Gerhardus ◽  
Stefan K Lhachimi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Priority Setting ◽  
Delphi Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Author ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
Delphi Round ◽  
A Priority ◽  
The University

IntroductionThe Cochrane Collaboration aims to produce relevant and top priority evidence that responds to existing evidence gaps. Hence, research priority setting (RPS) is important to identify which potential research gaps are deemed most important. Moreover, RPS supports future health research to conform both health and health evidence needs. However, studies that are prioritising systematic review topics in public health are surprisingly rare. Therefore, to inform the research agenda of Cochrane Public Health Europe (CPHE), we introduce the protocol of a priority setting study on systematic review topics in several European countries, which is conceptualised as pilot.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a two-round modified Delphi study in Switzerland, incorporating an anonymous web-based questionnaire, to assess which topics should be prioritised for systematic reviews in public health. In the first Delphi round public health stakeholders will suggest relevant assessment criteria and potential priority topics. In the second Delphi round the participants indicate their (dis)agreement to the aggregated results of the first round and rate the potential review topics with the predetermined criteria on a four-point Likert scale. As we invite a wide variety of stakeholders we will compare the results between the different stakeholder groups.Ethics and disseminationWe have received ethical approval from the ethical board of the University of Bremen, Germany (principal investigation is conducted at the University of Bremen) and a certificate of non-objection from the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland (fieldwork will be conducted in Switzerland). The results of this study will be further disseminated through peer reviewed publication and will support systematic review author groups (i.a. CPHE) to improve the relevance of the groups´ future review work. Finally, the proposed priority setting study can be used as a framework by other systematic review groups when conducting a priority setting study in a different context.

scholarly journals How health systems approached respiratory viral pandemics over time: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. e003677
Author(s):  
Fidelia Cascini ◽  
Ilda Hoxhaj ◽  
Drieda Zaçe ◽  
Margherita Ferranti ◽  
Maria Luisa Di Pietro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Respiratory Viral Infections

BackgroundSeveral healthcare systems facing respiratory viral infections outbreaks, like COVID-19, have not been prepared to manage them. Public health mitigation solutions ranging from isolation of infected or suspected cases to implementation of national lockdowns have proven their effectiveness for the outbreak’s control. However, the adjustment of public health measures is crucial during transition phases to avoid new outbreaks. To address the need for designing evidence-based strategies, we performed a systematic review to identify healthcare systems interventions, experiences and recommendations that have been used to manage different respiratory viral infections outbreaks in the past.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane were searched to retrieve eligible studies of any study design, published in English until 17 April 2020. Double-blinded screening process was conducted by titles/abstracts and subsequently eligible full texts were read and pertinent data were extracted. When applicable, quality assessment was conducted for the included articles. We performed a narrative synthesis of each implemented public health approaches.ResultsWe included a total of 24 articles addressing the public health approaches implemented for respiratory viral infections outbreaks for COVID-19, influenza A H1N1, MERS and severe acute respiratory syndrome . The identified approaches are ascribable to two main categories: healthcare system strategies and healthcare provider interventions. The key components of an effective response on respiratory viral outbreaks included the implementation of evidence-based contextual policies, intrahospital management actions, community healthcare facilities, non-pharmaceutical interventions, enhanced surveillance, workplace preventive measures, mental health interventions and communication plans.ConclusionThe identified healthcare system strategies applied worldwide to face epidemics or pandemics are a useful knowledge base to inform decision-makers about control measures to be used in the transition phases of COVID-19 and beyond.

scholarly journals The Interrelationships between Intestinal Permeability and Phlegm Syndrome and Therapeutic Potential of Some Medicinal Herbs

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Junghyun Park ◽  
Tae Joon Choi ◽  
Ki Sung Kang ◽  
Seo-Hyung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Leaky Gut ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Phlegm Syndrome

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has an intriguing and critical role beyond digestion in both modern and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), as demonstrated by its link with the immune system. In this review, we attempted to explore the interrelationships between increased GI permeability and phlegm, an important pathological factor in CAM, syndrome, and therapeutic herbs for two disorders. The leaky gut and phlegm syndromes look considerably similar with respect to related symptoms, diseases, and suitable herbal treatment agents, including phytochemicals even though limitations to compare exist. Phlegm may be spread throughout the body along with other pathogens via the disruption of the GI barrier to cause several diseases sharing some parts of symptoms, diseases, and mechanisms with leaky gut syndrome. Both syndromes are related to inflammation and gut microbiota compositions. Well-designed future research should be conducted to verify the interrelationships for evidence based integrative medicine to contribute to the promotion of public health. In addition, systems biology approaches should be adopted to explore the complex synergistic effects of herbal medicine and phytochemicals on conditions associated with phlegm and leaky gut syndromes.

scholarly journals Healthcare systems strategies to manage pandemics transition phases: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Cascini ◽  
I Hoxhaj ◽  
D Zaçe ◽  
M Ferranti ◽  
W Ricciardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Systems Management ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Pertinent Data

Abstract Background Several countries facing the COVID-19 pandemic were not prepared to manage it. Public health mitigation strategies, ranging from isolation of infected cases to implementation of national lockdowns, proved their effectiveness for the outbreaks control. However, the adjustment of public health measures is crucial during transition phases to avoid new outbreaks. To address the need for designing evidence-based strategies, we performed a systematic review, identifying healthcare systems approaches, experiences and recommendations used to manage COVID-19 and other epidemics. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane were searched to retrieve eligible studies of any study design, published in English until April 17th, 2020. Double-blinded screening process was conducted by titles/abstracts and subsequently eligible full-texts were read and pertinent data were extracted. We performed a narrative analysis of each implemented strategy. Results We included a total of 24 articles addressing the public health strategies implemented for respiratory viral infections outbreaks as COVID-19, influenza A H1N1, MERS and SARS. The identified strategies are ascribable to two main categories: healthcare systems management at a national level and healthcare providers strategies at a local level. The key components of the transition strategies regarded the implementation of evidence-based contextual policies, intrahospital management approaches, community healthcare facilities, non-pharmaceutical interventions, enhanced surveillance, workplace preventive measures, mental health interventions and communication plans. Conclusions The identified healthcare systems strategies applied worldwide to face epidemics or pandemics, are a useful knowledge base to inform decision-makers about control measures to be used in the transition phases of COVID-19 and beyond. Key messages Healthcare systems strategies that can be implemented to manage pandemics/epidemics transition phases are a useful knowledge base to inform policy makers about the most effective solutions to adopt. The evidence reporting the healthcare systems management of respiratory viruses epidemics/pandemics, show the lack of a common and shared approach and more evidence-based research is needed.

An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Hearing Screening Instruments for Preschool- and School-Age Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Prieve ◽  
Tracy Schooling ◽  
Rebecca Venediktov ◽  
Nicole Franceschini
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Response Criteria ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
School Age

Purpose The purpose of this article is to conduct an evidence-based systematic review on the accuracy of pure-tone or otoacoustic emission (OAE) screening for identifying hearing loss in preschool- and school-age children. Method A systematic search of the literature published between 1975 and 2013 was conducted. Articles meeting the selection criteria were critically appraised for quality. Selection criteria required that behavioral thresholds be measured in children failing the screen and in at least a subset of children passing the screen. Sensitivity and specificity were used to calculate positive and negative likelihood ratios that could be compared between instruments. Results Eighteen studies were included in the final analysis. There was considerable variability among studies on stimulus levels, response criteria, and definition of hearing loss. Approximately half of positive and negative likelihood ratio pairs for OAEs (52%) and pure-tone screening (45%) were considered suggestive or informative for identifying hearing loss. Conclusions Both pure-tone and OAE screening can identify hearing loss in preschool- and school-age children. Studies that compared both tools in the same population concluded that pure-tone screening had higher sensitivity than OAE screening and thus was considered the preferred tool. Future research should incorporate standard stimulus levels, response criteria, and definitions of hearing loss.

Efficacy of interventions to improve public support for evidence based public health and climate change policy measures: a systematic review.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Coleman ◽  
Rebecca Clifford ◽  
Catherine Hewitt ◽  
Jim McCambridge
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Change Policy ◽  
Policy Measures

Abstract Background Policies which reduce affordability and availability of alcohol are known to be effective in reducing alcohol harms. Public support is important in policy decision making and implementation, and it may be possible to intervene to improve public support for alcohol policy measures. This systematic review aims to explore the effects of interventions to increase public support for evidence based policy measures in relation to either public health or climate change, and to examine underpinning theory and content of effective interventions.Methods The electronic search strategy was built around the constructs "public support or opinion", "health or climate change policies" and "interventions". Backward and forward searching was conducted, and authors of included papers contacted. Studies were included if they aimed to intervene to improve public support for public health or climate change policy measures, were controlled trials, and targeted the general public.Results Sixteen studies were included in this review, of which 13 had sufficient data for inclusion in meta analyses. The pooled effect estimates for continuous and binary data both show improvements in public support for policy measures as a result of evaluated interventions. The pooled standardised mean difference (n=8 studies) is 0.13 (95% C.I. 0.08-0.17), and the pooled odds ratio (n=5 studies) is 1.72 (95% C.I. 1.33-2.21). Careful attention to message framing, with or without narrative persuasion, appears particularly important content for efficacious interventions.Conclusion This systematic review demonstrates the efficacy of interventions to improve public support for public health policies.

scholarly journals A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angkana T. Huang ◽  
Bernardo Garcia-Carreras ◽  
Matt D. T. Hitchings ◽  
Bingyi Yang ◽  
Leah C. Katzelnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Antibody Kinetics

Abstract Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to reduce sedentary behavior among older adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1078-1085
Author(s):  
Jo-Ana D Chase ◽  
Jennifer Otmanowski ◽  
Sheri Rowland ◽  
Pamela S Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intervention Effects

Abstract Sedentary behavior (SB) is associated with numerous negative health outcomes, independent of physical activity behavior. Older adults are the most sedentary population in the United States. Understanding the effects and characteristics of existing interventions to reduce SB can inform practice, future research, and public health initiatives to improve older adults’ health. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine existing SB intervention research among older adults and quantitatively synthesize intervention effects. Comprehensive searches were conducted to identify studies testing interventions to reduce SB time among adults at least 60 years old. Data on study design, intervention content and delivery, and participant characteristics were extracted from eligible studies. Standardized mean difference effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were synthesized using a random-effects model for two-group pretest–posttest design studies. Twenty-two reports describing 17 distinct studies were included in the narrative synthesis, with eight studies included in the meta-analysis (k = 8; n = 1,024). Most interventions were theory-driven and employed multiple strategies, including education, self-monitoring, and goal setting. Although SB interventions significantly reduced total sedentary time, the overall effect was small (d = −0.25, 95% confidence interval [−0.50, 0.00], p = .05). Studies were significantly heterogeneous (Q = 22.34, p < .01); however, the small number of comparisons prevented moderator analyses. Practitioners should employ diverse SB-specific strategies to encourage older adults to reduce time spent sedentary. To develop public health programs targeting SB in older adults, future research should include measures of time spent in specific SB and duration/number of breaks in sedentary time and investigate SB intervention effects on health outcomes.

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