scholarly journals Shigella -Specific Immune Profiles Induced after Parenteral Immunization or Oral Challenge with Either Shigella flexneri 2a or Shigella sonnei

mSphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. Clarkson ◽  
Chad K. Porter ◽  
Kawsar R. Talaat ◽  
Robert W. Frenck ◽  
Cristina Alaimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Oral Challenge ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Shigella Flexneri 2A ◽  
Parenteral Immunization

Although immune correlates of protection have yet to be defined for shigellosis, prior studies have demonstrated that Shigella infection provides protection against reinfection in a serotype-specific manner. Therefore, it is likely that subjects with moderate to severe disease post-oral challenge would be protected from a homologous rechallenge, and investigating immune responses in these subjects may help identify immune markers associated with the development of protective immunity.

scholarly journals Correlates of Immune Protection following Cutaneous Immunization with an Attenuated Burkholderia pseudomallei Vaccine

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 4626-4634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ediane B. Silva ◽  
Andrew Goodyear ◽  
Marjorie D. Sutherland ◽  
Nicole L. Podnecky ◽  
Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Strain ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Burkholderia Pseudomallei ◽  
Partial Protection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

ABSTRACTInfections with the Gram-negative bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomallei(melioidosis) are associated with high mortality, and there is currently no approved vaccine to prevent the development of melioidosis in humans. Infected patients also do not develop protective immunity to reinfection, and some individuals will develop chronic, subclinical infections withB. pseudomallei. At present, our understanding of what constitutes effective protective immunity againstB. pseudomalleiinfection remains incomplete. Therefore, we conducted a study to elucidate immune correlates of vaccine-induced protective immunity against acuteB. pseudomalleiinfection. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with a highly attenuated, Select Agent-excludedpurMdeletion mutant ofB. pseudomallei(strain Bp82) and then subjected to intranasal challenge with virulentB. pseudomalleistrain 1026b. Immunization with Bp82 generated significant protection from challenge withB. pseudomallei, and protection was associated with a significant reduction in bacterial burden in lungs, liver, and spleen of immunized mice. Humoral immunity was critically important for vaccine-induced protection, as mice lacking B cells were not protected by immunization and serum from Bp82-vaccinated mice could transfer partial protection to nonvaccinated animals. In contrast, vaccine-induced protective immunity was found to be independent of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Tracking studies demonstrated uptake of the Bp82 vaccine strain predominately by neutrophils in vaccine-draining lymph nodes and by smaller numbers of dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes. We concluded that protection following cutaneous immunization with a live attenuatedBurkholderiavaccine strain was dependent primarily on generation of effective humoral immune responses.

scholarly journals Role of Opsonophagocytosis in Immune Protection against Malaria

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Wolfgang W. Leitner ◽  
Megan Haraway ◽  
Tony Pierson ◽  
Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Complement Components ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Simple Measurement ◽  
Humoral Responses

The quest for immune correlates of protection continues to slow vaccine development. To date, only vaccine-induced antibodies have been confirmed as direct immune correlates of protection against a plethora of pathogens. Vaccine immunologists, however, have learned through extensive characterizations of humoral responses that the quantitative assessment of antibody responses alone often fails to correlate with protective immunity or vaccine efficacy. Despite these limitations, the simple measurement of post-vaccination antibody titers remains the most widely used approaches for vaccine evaluation. Developing and performing functional assays to assess the biological activity of pathogen-specific responses continues to gain momentum; integrating serological assessments with functional data will ultimately result in the identification of mechanisms that contribute to protective immunity and will guide vaccine development. One of these functional readouts is phagocytosis of antigenic material tagged by immune molecules such as antibodies and/or complement components. This review summarizes our current understanding of how phagocytosis contributes to immune defense against pathogens, the pathways involved, and defense mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to deal with the threat of phagocytic removal and destruction of pathogens.

scholarly journals A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: antibody kinetics, correlates of protection, and association of antibody responses with severity of disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angkana T. Huang ◽  
Bernardo Garcia-Carreras ◽  
Matt D.T. Hitchings ◽  
Bingyi Yang ◽  
Leah Katzelnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Antibody Kinetics

The duration and nature of immunity generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The timescale of protection is a critical determinant of the future impact of the pathogen. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. The dynamics of immunity and nature of protection are relevant to discussions surrounding therapeutic use of convalescent sera as well as efforts to identify individuals with protective immunity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and human endemic coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 1281 abstracts and identified 322 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses to it, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.

Immune markers and correlates of protection for vaccine induced immune responses

Vaccine ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (33) ◽  
pp. 4907-4920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneesh Thakur ◽  
Lasse E. Pedersen ◽  
Gregers Jungersen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Correlates Of Protection

scholarly journals Adjuvants: Classification,Modus Operandi, and Licensing

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana de Souza Apostólico ◽  
Victória Alves Santos Lunardelli ◽  
Fernanda Caroline Coirada ◽  
Silvia Beatriz Boscardin ◽  
Daniela Santoro Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
In The Beginning

Vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies for the prevention of infectious diseases. Although safer, subunit vaccines are poorly immunogenic and for this reason the use of adjuvants is strongly recommended. Since their discovery in the beginning of the 20th century, adjuvants have been used to improve immune responses that ultimately lead to protection against disease. The choice of the adjuvant is of utmost importance as it can stimulate protective immunity. Their mechanisms of action have now been revealed. Our increasing understanding of the immune system, and of correlates of protection, is helping in the development of new vaccine formulations for global infections. Nevertheless, few adjuvants are licensed for human vaccines and several formulations are now being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly describe the most well known adjuvants used in experimental and clinical settings based on their main mechanisms of action and also highlight the requirements for licensing new vaccine formulations.

scholarly journals Identification of Surrogates and Correlates of Protection in Protective Immunity againstMycobacterium bovisInfection Induced in Neonatal Calves by Vaccination withM. bovisBCG Pasteur andM. bovisBCG Danish

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Hope ◽  
M. L. Thom ◽  
M. McAulay ◽  
E. Mead ◽  
H. M. Vordermeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Protection Against Infection

ABSTRACTVaccination of neonatal calves withMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces a significant degree of protection against infection with virulentM. bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). We compared two strains of BCG, Pasteur and Danish, in order to confirm that the current European human vaccine strain (BCG Danish) induced protective immunity in calves, and we assessed immune responses to determine correlates of protection that could assist future vaccine evaluation in cattle. Both vaccine strains induced antigen (purified protein derivate [PPD])-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in whole-blood cultures. These responses were not significantly different for BCG Pasteur and BCG Danish and peaked at week 2 to 4 postvaccination. Vaccination with either BCG Danish or BCG Pasteur induced significant protection against bTB, with reductions in both lesion score and bacteriological burden evident in both groups of vaccinated calves compared with nonvaccinated control calves. Measurement of IFN-γ-expressing T lymphocytes postvaccination and postchallenge revealed both correlates and surrogates of protective efficacy. The frequency of central memory T lymphocytes present at 12 weeks postvaccination (at the time ofM. bovischallenge) correlated significantly with protection. Conversely, the number of IFN-γ-expressing effector T cells present afterM. bovischallenge was correlated with disease. These results demonstrate that vaccination of neonatal calves with either BCG Pasteur or BCG Danish induces protective immune responses against TB. In addition, we show that measurement of antigen-specific T lymphocyte populations may provide a reliable means for identifying protective vaccine candidates.

scholarly journals Vaccinology in the era of high-throughput biology

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1671) ◽  
pp. 20140146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helder I. Nakaya ◽  
Bali Pulendran
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Molecular Signatures ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Induced Immunity ◽  
Experimental Challenge ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Vaccination has been tremendously successful saving lives and preventing infections. However, the development of vaccines against global pandemics such as HIV, malaria and tuberculosis has been obstructed by several challenges. A major challenge is the lack of knowledge about the correlates and mechanisms of protective immunity. Recent advances in the application of systems biological approaches to analyse immune responses to vaccination in humans are beginning to yield new insights about mechanisms of vaccine immunity, and to define molecular signatures, induced rapidly after vaccination, that correlate with and predict vaccine induced immunity. Here, we review these advances and discuss the potential of this systems vaccinology approach in defining novel correlates of protection in clinical trials, and in infection-induced ‘experimental challenge models' in humans.

scholarly journals Potential SARS-CoV-2 Immune Correlates of Protection in Infection and Vaccine Immunization

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Yongjun Sui ◽  
Yonas Bekele ◽  
Jay A. Berzofsky
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Antibody Titers

Both SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines induce robust immune responses. Current data suggested that high neutralizing antibody titers with sustained Th1 responses might correlate with protection against viral transmission and disease development and severity. In addition, genetic and innate immune factors, including higher levels of type I interferons, as well as the induction of trained immunity and local mucosal immunity also contribute to lower risk of infection and amelioration of disease severity. The identification of immune correlates of protection will facilitate the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics strategies.

scholarly journals A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angkana T. Huang ◽  
Bernardo Garcia-Carreras ◽  
Matt D. T. Hitchings ◽  
Bingyi Yang ◽  
Leah C. Katzelnick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Antibody Kinetics

Abstract Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.

scholarly journals Immune Correlates of Protection Against Human Cytomegalovirus Acquisition, Replication, and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 221 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S45-S59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody S Nelson ◽  
Ilona Baraniak ◽  
Daniele Lilleri ◽  
Matthew B Reeves ◽  
Paul D Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
End Points ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Infant Birth

Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common infectious cause of infant birth defects and an etiology of significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. There is tremendous interest in developing a vaccine or immunotherapeutic to reduce the burden of HCMV-associated disease, yet after nearly a half-century of research and development in this field we remain without such an intervention. Defining immune correlates of protection is a process that enables targeted vaccine/immunotherapeutic discovery and informed evaluation of clinical performance. Outcomes in the HCMV field have previously been measured against a variety of clinical end points, including virus acquisition, systemic replication, and progression to disease. Herein we review immune correlates of protection against each of these end points in turn, showing that control of HCMV likely depends on a combination of innate immune factors, antibodies, and T-cell responses. Furthermore, protective immune responses are heterogeneous, with no single immune parameter predicting protection against all clinical outcomes and stages of HCMV infection. A detailed understanding of protective immune responses for a given clinical end point will inform immunogen selection and guide preclinical and clinical evaluation of vaccines or immunotherapeutics to prevent HCMV-mediated congenital and transplant disease.

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