scholarly journals The biosynthetic pathway of potato solanidanes diverged from that of spirosolanes due to evolution of a dioxygenase

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Akiyama ◽  
Bunta Watanabe ◽  
Masaru Nakayasu ◽  
Hyoung Jae Lee ◽  
Junpei Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Common Pathway ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Key Enzyme

AbstractPotato (Solanum tuberosum), a worldwide major food crop, produces the toxic, bitter tasting solanidane glycoalkaloids α-solanine and α-chaconine. Controlling levels of glycoalkaloids is an important focus on potato breeding. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) contains a bitter spirosolane glycoalkaloid, α-tomatine. These glycoalkaloids are biosynthesized from cholesterol via a partly common pathway, although the mechanisms giving rise to the structural differences between solanidane and spirosolane remained elusive. Here we identify a 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase, designated as DPS (Dioxygenase for Potato Solanidane synthesis), that is a key enzyme for solanidane glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in potato. DPS catalyzes the ring-rearrangement from spirosolane to solanidane via C-16 hydroxylation. Evolutionary divergence of spirosolane-metabolizing dioxygenases contributes to the emergence of toxic solanidane glycoalkaloids in potato and the chemical diversity in Solanaceae.

Disruption of genes for the enhanced biosynthesis of α-ketoglutarate in Corynebacterium glutamicum

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Hyung Jo ◽  
Hye-Young Seol ◽  
Yun-Bom Lee ◽  
Min-Hong Kim ◽  
Hyung-Hwan Hyun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corynebacterium Glutamicum ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Isocitrate Lyase ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Flask Culture ◽  
Control Strain ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Glyoxylate Pathway

The development of microbial strains for the enhanced production of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) was investigated using a strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum that overproduces of l-glutamate, by disrupting three genes involved in the α-KG biosynthetic pathway. The pathways competing with the biosynthesis of α-KG were blocked by knocking out aceA (encoding isocitrate lyase, ICL), gdh (encoding glutamate dehydrogenase, l-gluDH), and gltB (encoding glutamate synthase or glutamate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, GOGAT). The strain with aceA, gltB, and gdh disrupted showed reduced ICL activity and no GOGAT and l-gluDH activities, resulting in up to 16-fold more α-KG production than the control strain in flask culture. These results suggest that l-gluDH is the key enzyme in the conversion of α-KG to l-glutamate; therefore, prevention of this step could promote α-KG accumulation. The inactivation of ICL leads the carbon flow to α-KG by blocking the glyoxylate pathway. However, the disruption of gltB did not affect the biosynthesis of α-KG. Our results can be applied in the industrial production of α-KG by using C. glutamicum as producer.

scholarly journals A nonS-locus F-box gene breaks self-incompatibility in diploid potatoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Ma ◽  
Chunzhi Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Fei Tang ◽  
Futing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potato Breeding ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Diploid Hybrid ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
The Third ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Global Food

AbstractPotato is the third most important staple food crop. To address challenges associated with global food security, a hybrid potato breeding system, aimed at converting potato from a tuber-propagated tetraploid crop into a seed-propagated diploid crop through crossing inbred lines, is under development. However, given that most diploid potatoes are self-incompatible, this represents a major obstacle which needs to be addressed in order to develop inbred lines. Here, we report on a self-compatible diploid potato, RH89-039-16 (RH), which can efficiently induce a mating transition from self-incompatibility to self-compatibility, when crossed to self-incompatible lines. We identify the S-locusinhibitor (Sli) gene in RH, capable of interacting with multiple allelic variants of the pistil-specific S-ribonucleases (S-RNases). Further, Sli gene functions like a general S-RNase inhibitor, to impart SC to RH and other self-incompatible potatoes. Discovery of Sli now offers a path forward for the diploid hybrid breeding program.

Chemical Diversity of Volatile Macrocylic Lactones from Frogs

Synlett ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Schulz ◽  
Dennis Poth ◽  
Pardha Saradhi Peram ◽  
Susann Hötling ◽  
Markus Menke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Epoxide Opening ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Unsaturated Lactones ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

AbstractFor a long time, frogs were believed to communicate primarily via the acoustic channel, but during the last decades it became obvious that various lineages also use chemical communication. In this Account we present our research on the identification of volatile lactones from Madagascan Mantellidae and African Hyperoliidae frogs. Both possess male specific glands that can disseminate a range of volatile compounds. Key constituents are macrocyclic lactones. They show high variability in structure and occurrence. We focus here on the synthetic approaches we have used to clarify constitution and configuration of the glandular compounds. Key synthetic methods are ring-closing metathesis and nucleophilic epoxide opening. Often, but not always, the natural compounds occurs in amounts that excludes their investigation by NMR spectroscopy. Instead, we use GC/MS analysis, GC/IR, microreactions, and synthesis to identify such components. Several aspects of our work will be described giving some insight in our scientific approach.1 Introduction2 Macrocylic Lactones from the Fatty Acid Biosynthetic Pathway3 Unsaturated Lactones4 Terpenoid Lactones5 Macrolide Occurrence6 Conclusions

scholarly journals Mechanism of 4-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)aminobenzene 5′-Phosphate Synthase, a Key Enzyme in the Methanopterin Biosynthetic Pathway

2004 ◽  
Vol 279 (38) ◽  
pp. 39389-39395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Razvan V. Dumitru ◽  
Stephen W. Ragsdale
Keyword(s):  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

scholarly journals Pathogen and Pest Responses Are Altered Due to RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4 in Solanum tuberosum

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 876-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamuna Risal Paudel ◽  
Charlotte Davidson ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Itkin Maxim ◽  
Asaph Aharoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Rnai Line ◽  
Leaf Consumption ◽  
Insect Mortality ◽  
Potato Growth

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are major secondary metabolites constitutively produced in cultivated potato Solanum tuberosum, and α-solanine and α-chaconine are the most abundant SGAs. SGAs are toxic to humans at high levels but their role in plant protection against pests and pathogens is yet to be established. In this study, levels of SGAs in potato were reduced by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4 (GAME4)—a gene encoding cytochrome P450, involved in an oxidation step in the conversion of cholesterol to SGA aglycones. Two GAME4 RNAi lines, T8 and T9, were used to investigate the effects of manipulation of the SGA biosynthetic pathway in potato. Growth and development of an insect pest, Colorado potato beetle (CPB), were affected in these lines. While no effect on CPB leaf consumption or weight gain was observed, early instar larval death and accelerated development of the insect was found while feeding on leaves of GAME4 RNAi lines. Modulation of SGA biosynthetic pathway in GAME4 RNAi plants was associated with a larger alteration to the metabolite profile, including increased levels of one or both the steroidal saponins or phytoecdysteroids, which could affect insect mortality as well as development time. Colonization by Verticillium dahliae on GAME4 RNAi plants was also tested. There were increased pathogen levels in the T8 GAME4 RNAi line but not in the T9. Metabolite differences between T8 and T9 were found and may have contributed to differences in V. dahliae infection. Drought responses created by osmotic stress were not affected by modulation of SGA biosynthetic pathway in potato.

Characterization of potato (Solanum tuberosum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) protein phosphatases type 2A catalytic subunits and their involvement in stress responses

Planta ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 230 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Marina País ◽  
Marina Alejandra González ◽  
María Teresa Téllez-Iñón ◽  
Daniela Andrea Capiati
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Protein Phosphatases ◽  
Catalytic Subunits

Solanum tuberosum X S. andigena Hybrids and Their Importance in Potato Breeding

1973 ◽  
pp. 317-320
Author(s):  
Nelson Estrada Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Potato Breeding

scholarly journals Bornyl Diphosphate Synthase From Cinnamomum burmanni and Its Application for (+)-Borneol Biosynthesis in Yeast

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Ma ◽  
Ping Su ◽  
Juan Guo ◽  
Baolong Jin ◽  
Qing Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Pathway Reconstruction ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Shake Flasks

(+)-Borneol is a desirable monoterpenoid with effective anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects that is known as soft gold. (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase is the key enzyme in the (+)-borneol biosynthesis pathway. Despite several reported (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase genes, relatively low (+)-borneol production hinders the attempts to synthesize it using microbial fermentation. Here, we identified the highly specific (+)-bornyl diphosphate synthase CbTPS1 from Cinnamomum burmanni. An in vitro assay showed that (+)-borneol was the main product of CbTPS1 (88.70% of the total products), and the Km value was 5.11 ± 1.70 μM with a kcat value of 0.01 s–1. Further, we reconstituted the (+)-borneol biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After tailored truncation and adding Kozak sequences, the (+)-borneol yield was improved by 96.33-fold to 2.89 mg⋅L–1 compared with the initial strain in shake flasks. This work is the first reported attempt to produce (+)-borneol by microbial fermentation. It lays a foundation for further pathway reconstruction and metabolic engineering production of this valuable natural monoterpenoid.

scholarly journals Raoultella terrigena y Pectobacterium carotovorum en hortalizas en dos provincias de Costa Rica

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Diego Cubero-Agüero ◽  
Laura Brenes-Guillén ◽  
Daniela Vidaurre -Barahona ◽  
Lorena Uribe-Lorío
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
Raoultella Terrigena

Introducción. La pudrición blanda en los cultivos es causada por un grupo de bacterias capaces de secretar enzimas que degradan la pectina de la pared celular de las plantas y ocasionan pérdidas económicas importantes en la agricultura a nivel mundial. En Costa Rica existe poca información acerca de la distribución, hospederos y diversidad genética de los agentes causales de esta enfermedad. Objetivo. Identificar la presencia de bacterias causantes de pudrición blanda en hortalizas de la zona de Cartago y Alajuela con análisis moleculares, enzimáticos y técnicas de patogenicidad. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se llevó a cabo entre julio y octubre de 2017 en Cartago y Alajuela, Costa Rica. Se recolectaron plantas con síntomas de pudrición blanda en: chile dulce (Capcicum annum), hojas y bulbos de cebolla (Allium cepa), plantas de zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), frutos de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) y plantas de papa (Solanum tuberosum). Se realizaron aislamientos bacterianos en un medio selectivo de cristal violeta y pectato (CVP). Se efectuaron ensayos de reacción hipersensible (RH), los aislamientos se inocularon en hojas de chile dulce y se llevaron a cabo pruebas de patogenicidad (postulados de Koch) para las bacterias positivas. Los aislamientos se identificaron molecularmente mediante el gen ARN-Ribosomal 16S. Resultados. Se aislaron cinco bacterias con actividad pectinolítica: Pt1-A, 6-M2, Ech2A, CfspA y Cfsab. Según el análisis de patogenicidad, las cepas CfspA, Cfsab y Ech2A fueron causantes de pudrición blanda en chile. No se logró reproducir los síntomas en cebolla y papa. De acuerdo con la identificación molecular, las cepas CfspA y Cfsab se clasificaron dentro del clado de Pectobacterium carotovorum, mientras que Ech2A se clasificó como Raoultella terrigena. Conclusión. Las bacterias Raoultella terrigena y Pectobacterium carotovorum se consideraron los agentes causales de pudrición blanda del chile en las zonas de Cartago y Alajuela, respectivamente.

scholarly journals OBSERVAÇÃO DA PERDA DE PRODUTOS HORTIFRUTIGRANJEIROS

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Caroline Eich ◽  
Genito Carlos Braun ◽  
José Luiz Tragnago
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Brassica Oleracea L

Este trabalho apresenta elementos que visam dar embasamento teórico para a aquisição de itens hortifrutigranjeiros, uma vez que nessa atividade as compras dos lotes de mercadorias acontecem geralmente através de deduções ou pela média de venda dos produtos. O artigo apresenta um estudo de caso, envolvendo pesquisa observatória sobre o estado de conservação de hortifrutigranjeiros, elaborada por meio de relatos diários, de acordo com a disponibilidade de cada mercadoria. Foram analisados os seguintes itens: alface (Lactuca sativa); batata cv. monalisa (Solanum tuberosum); maçã cv. fuji (Malus domestica); maçã cv. gala (Malus domestica); mamão cv. formosa (Carica papaya); mamão cv. papaia (Carica papaya); manga (Mangifera indica); morango (Fragaria × ananassa), repolho verde (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) e tomate longa vida (Solanum lycopersicum), desde a sua chegada até o seu escoamento na prateleira ou por descarte. Os produtos que apresentaram os maiores percentuais de perdas foram: maçã cv. fuji, repolho e manga. Os itens com menores quebras foram: tomate longa vida, batata cv. monalisa e maçã cv. gala. O volume adquirido de cada item interferiu diretamente no resultado.

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