scholarly journals Multifactorial seroprofiling dissects the contribution of pre-existing human coronaviruses responses to SARS-CoV-2 immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene A. Abela ◽  
Chloé Pasin ◽  
Magdalena Schwarzmüller ◽  
Selina Epp ◽  
Michèle E. Sickmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Antibody Levels

AbstractDetermination of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in the context of pre-existing immunity to circulating human coronavirus (HCoV) is critical for understanding protective immunity. Here we perform a multifactorial analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV antibody responses in pre-pandemic (N = 825) and SARS-CoV-2-infected donors (N = 389) using a custom-designed multiplex ABCORA assay. ABCORA seroprofiling, when combined with computational modeling, enables accurate definition of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and prediction of neutralization activity, and reveals intriguing interrelations with HCoV immunity. Specifically, higher HCoV antibody levels in SARS-CoV-2-negative donors suggest that pre-existing HCoV immunity may provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 acquisition. In those infected, higher HCoV activity is associated with elevated SARS-CoV-2 responses, indicating cross-stimulation. Most importantly, HCoV immunity may impact disease severity, as patients with high HCoV reactivity are less likely to require hospitalization. Collectively, our results suggest that HCoV immunity may promote rapid development of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity, thereby underscoring the importance of exploring cross-protective responses for comprehensive coronavirus prevention.

scholarly journals Multifactorial SARS-CoV-2 seroprofiling dissects interdependencies with human coronaviruses and predicts neutralization activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene A. Abela ◽  
Chloé Pasin ◽  
Magdalena Schwarzmüller ◽  
Selina Epp ◽  
Michèle E. Sickmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Multifactorial Analysis ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Analysis Strategies ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractDefinition of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses is essential to verify protective immunity following infection and vaccination. Here, we devised a versatile serological test, named ABCORA, that is based on a multifactorial analysis of SARS-CoV-2 and circulating human coronavirus (HCoV) antibody responses. Utilizing empirical tailored cut-offs and computational approaches based on training and validation cohorts comprising pre-pandemic (N=825) and SARS-CoV-2 infected plasma donors (N=389), we defined several analysis strategies that allow a highly accurate definition of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion and prediction of neutralization activity. Intriguingly, HCoV reactivity was significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2 negative donors. Amongst SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, elevated SARS-CoV-2 responses were linked to higher HCoV activity suggesting that pre-existing HCoV immunity may confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and promote development of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody responses. Deciphering interdependencies between SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV immunity should be enforced as understanding their impact on infection may allow soliciting cross-protective activities for broader coronavirus prevention.

scholarly journals Mucosal versus systemic antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baweleta Isho ◽  
Kento T Abe ◽  
Michelle Zuo ◽  
Alainna J Jamal ◽  
Bhavisha Rathod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Blood Draw ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Surrogate Measure ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Negative Controls

While the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied in blood, relatively little is known about the mucosal immune response and its relationship to systemic antibody levels. Since SARS-CoV-2 initially replicates in the upper airway, the antibody response in the oral cavity is likely an important parameter that influences the course of infection, but how it correlates to the antibody response in serum is not known. Here, we profile by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) IgG, IgA and IgM responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (full length trimer) and its receptor binding domain (RBD) in serum (n=496) and saliva (n=90) of acute and convalescent patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 ranging from 3-115 days post-symptom onset (PSO), compared to negative controls. Anti-CoV-2 antibody responses were readily detected in serum and saliva, with peak IgG levels attained by 16-30 days PSO. Whereas anti-CoV-2 IgA and IgM antibodies rapidly decayed, IgG antibodies remained relatively stable up to 105 days PSO in both biofluids. In a surrogate neutralization ELISA (snELISA), neutralization activity peaks by 31-45 days PSO and slowly declines, though a clear drop is detected at the last blood draw (105-115 days PSO). Lastly, IgG, IgM and to a lesser extent IgA responses to spike and RBD in the serum positively correlated with matched saliva samples. This study confirms that systemic and mucosal humoral IgG antibodies are maintained in the majority of COVID-19 patients for at least 3 months PSO. Based on their correlation with each other, IgG responses in saliva may serve as a surrogate measure of systemic immunity.

Ethiodized oil emulsion 13 in computed tomography of hepatoma.

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Dutcher ◽  
P J Haney ◽  
N O Whitley ◽  
R Finley ◽  
P Pearl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Enhanced Ct ◽  
Ethiodized Oil ◽  
Definition Of

Six patients with biopsy-proven hepatoma were prospectively evaluated both by conventional computed tomography (CT) and by scans using ethiodized oil emulsion 13 (EOE 13) as a contrast agent. EOE 13 infusion resulted in marked improvement in the demonstration of the neoplasm in all cases and allowed more accurate definition of tumor extent than was possible with standard scanning techniques. In two cases EOE 13 enhancement was essential for complete radiographic depiction of tumor location, size, and extent. EOE 13 also proved to be of considerable value in assessment of therapeutic response in three patients, permitting more objective determination of tumor growth or regression. EOE 13--enhanced CT scanning provides a valuable means of staging patients presenting with hepatoma and is a reliable, accurate means of radiographic follow-up.

scholarly journals Proteomic Identification ofsaeRS-Dependent Targets Critical for Protective Humoral Immunity against Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 3712-3721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Zhao ◽  
Brian L. Cheng ◽  
Susan Boyle-Vavra ◽  
Maria-Luisa Alegre ◽  
Robert S. Daum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Polyclonal Antibody ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proteomic Approach ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Levels

RecurrentStaphylococcus aureusskin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common despite detectable antibody responses, leading to the belief that the immune response elicited by these infections is not protective. We recently reported thatS. aureusUSA300 SSTI elicits antibodies that protect against recurrent SSTI in BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice, and in this study, we aimed to uncover the specificity of the protective antibodies. Using a proteomic approach, we found thatS. aureusSSTI elicited broad polyclonal antibody responses in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice and identified 10S. aureusantigens against which antibody levels were significantly higher in immune BALB/c serum. Four of the 10 antigens identified are regulated by thesaeRSoperon, suggesting a dominant role forsaeRSin protection. Indeed, infection with USA300Δsaefailed to protect against secondary SSTI with USA300, despite eliciting a strong polyclonal antibody response against antigens whose expression is not regulated bysaeRS. Moreover, the antibody repertoire after infection with USA300Δsaelacked antibodies specific for 10saeRS-regulated antigens, suggesting that all or a subset of these antigens are necessary to elicit protective immunity. Infection with USA300Δhlaelicited modest protection against secondary SSTI, and complementation of USA300Δsaewithhlarestored protection but incompletely. Together, these findings support a role for both Hla and othersaeRS-regulated antigens in eliciting protection and suggest that host differences in immune responses tosaeRS-regulated antigens may determine whetherS. aureusinfection elicits protective or nonprotective immunity against recurrent infection.

scholarly journals ENGIN-X: a third-generation neutron strain scanner

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 812-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Santisteban ◽  
M. R. Daymond ◽  
J. A. James ◽  
L. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Instrument ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Simple Expression ◽  
Neutron Diffractometer ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Gauge Volume ◽  
Computer Representation ◽  
Definition Of

ENGIN-X, a new time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffractometer optimized to measure elastic strains at precise locations in bulky specimens recently commissioned at the ISIS Facility in the Rutherford Laboratory, UK, is described. Fast counting times, together with a flexible and accurate definition of the instrumental gauge volume are the main requirements of neutron strain scanning and have been addressed on ENGIN-X through the design of a novel TOF diffractometer with a tuneable resolution and interchangeable radial collimators. Further, the routine operation of the instrument has been optimized by creating a virtual instrument,i.e.a three-dimensional computer representation of the diffractometer and samples, which assists in the planning and execution of experiments. On comparing ENGIN-X with its predecessor ENGIN, a 25× gain in performance is found, which has allowed the determination of stresses up to 60 mm deep in steel specimens. For comparison with constant-wavelength diffractometers, special attention has been paid to the absolute number of counts recorded during the experiments. A simple expression is presented for the estimation of counting times in TOF neutron strain scanning experiments.

scholarly journals Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Anderson ◽  
Eileen C. Goodwin ◽  
Anurag Verma ◽  
Claudia P. Arevalo ◽  
Marcus J. Bolton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Separate Cohort

SUMMARYSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread within the human population. Although SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, most humans had been previously exposed to other antigenically distinct common seasonal human coronaviruses (hCoVs) before the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we quantified levels of SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies and hCoV-reactive antibodies in serum samples collected from 204 humans before the COVID-19 pandemic. We then quantified pre-pandemic antibody levels in serum from a separate cohort of 252 individuals who became PCR-confirmed infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we longitudinally measured hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Our studies indicate that most individuals possessed hCoV-reactive antibodies before the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined that ∼23% of these individuals possessed non-neutralizing antibodies that cross-reacted with SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins. These antibodies were not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections or hospitalizations, but paradoxically these hCoV cross-reactive antibodies were boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ground pollution by hydrocarbons using Rock-Eval pyrolysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Dariusz Więcław ◽  
Maria Sadlik
Keyword(s):  
Lubricating Oil ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Petrol Station ◽  
Oil Fraction ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Fuel Tanks ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Rock Eval

Abstract The exploration and utilization of petroleum are potential hazards to the environment. Successful determination of petroleum contamination in ground relies on accurate definition of the type, source and quantity of contaminant. For this purpose the Rock-Eval® pyrolysis was applied, which is a rapid quantitative (Bulk Rock method) and qualitative (fractional composition using Multi-Heating Rates method) technique. Results of Rock-Eval analysis of 13 samples of concrete and 2 samples of gravel taken from the different sites of the petrol station indicate the highest concentration of light hydrocarbons (gasoline and naphtha fractions), up to over 5% wt. in the direct proximity of petrol pumps. Similarly high contamination (almost 4%wt.), was found near fuel tanks. Here the highest contribution has lubricating oil fraction and the tankers providing fuels are probably the source of this pollution. In the gravel collected in the vicinity of the fuel tanks high concentration (over 5 wt.%) of non-pyrolyzable carbon (soot) was recorded, the source of which are probably diesel engines of fuel tankers supplying fuel.

scholarly journals Identification, crystallization and epitope determination of public TCR shared and expanded in COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuyuan Lu ◽  
Yuki Hosono ◽  
Shigenari Ishizuka ◽  
Masamichi Nagae ◽  
Eri Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Tfh Cells ◽  
Follicular Helper ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

T cells play pivotal roles in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells mediate the production of antigen-specific antibodies; however, T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes used by SARS-CoV-2-specific Tfh cells have not been well characterized. Here, we first identified and crystallized public TCR of Tfh clonotypes that are shared and expanded in unhospitalized COVID-19-recovered patients. These clonotypes preferentially recognized SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein epitopes which are conserved among emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. These clonotypes did not react with S proteins derived from common cold human coronaviruses, but cross-reacted with symbiotic bacteria, which might confer the publicity. Among SARS-CoV-2 S epitopes, S864-882, presented by frequent HLA-DR alleles, could activate multiple public Tfh clonotypes in COVID-19-recovered patients. Furthermore, S864-882-loaded HLA tetramer preferentially bound to CD4+ T cells expressing CXCR5. In this study, we identified and crystallized public TCR for SARS-CoV-2 that may contribute to the prevention of COVID-19 aggravation.

scholarly journals Coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur W. D. Edridge ◽  
Joanna Kaczorowska ◽  
Alexis C. R. Hoste ◽  
Margreet Bakker ◽  
Michelle Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Antibody Levels

ABSTRACTIn the current COVID-19 pandemic a key unsolved question is the duration of acquired immunity in recovered individuals. The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 precludes a direct study on this virus, but the four seasonal human coronaviruses may reveal common characteristics applicable to all human coronaviruses. We monitored healthy subjects over a time span of 35 years (1985-2020), providing a total of 2473 follow up person-months, and determined a) the time to reinfection by the same seasonal coronavirus and b) the dynamics of coronavirus antibody depletion post-infection. An alarmingly short duration of protective immunity to coronaviruses was found. Reinfections occurred frequently at 12 months post-infection and there was for each virus a substantial reduction in antibody levels as soon as 6 months post-infection.

Resolution and measurement in the scanning electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 534-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Postek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Instrument Resolution ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The term ultimate resolution or resolving power is the very best performance that can be obtained from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) given the optimum instrumental conditions and sample. However, as it relates to SEM users, the conventional definitions of this figure are ambiguous. The numbers quoted for the resolution of an instrument are not only theoretically derived, but are also verified through the direct measurement of images on micrographs. However, the samples commonly used for this purpose are specifically optimized for the measurement of instrument resolution and are most often not typical of the sample used in practical applications.SEM RESOLUTION. Some instruments resolve better than others either due to engineering design or other reasons. There is no definitively accurate definition of how to quantify instrument resolution and its measurement in the SEM.

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