scholarly journals The structure of Brazilian Amazonian gut microbiomes in the process of urbanisation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Schaan ◽  
Dionison Sarquis ◽  
Giovanna C. Cavalcante ◽  
Leandro Magalhães ◽  
Eliene R. P. Sacuena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
American People ◽  
South American ◽  
Subsistence Strategy ◽  
Urban Populations ◽  
Gradual Loss ◽  
Agricultural Societies

AbstractShifts in subsistence strategy among Native American people of the Amazon may be the cause of typically western diseases previously linked to modifications of gut microbial communities. Here, we used 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to characterise the gut microbiome of 114 rural individuals, namely Xikrin, Suruí and Tupaiú, and urban individuals from Belém city, in the Brazilian Amazon. Our findings show the degree of potential urbanisation occurring in the gut microbiome of rural Amazonian communities characterised by the gradual loss and substitution of taxa associated with rural lifestyles, such as Treponema. Comparisons to worldwide populations indicated that Native American groups are similar to South American agricultural societies and urban groups are comparable to African urban and semi-urban populations. The transitioning profile observed among traditional populations is concerning in light of increasingly urban lifestyles. Lastly, we propose the term “tropical urban” to classify the microbiome of urban populations living in tropical zones.

Gender Nonbinary Mental Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 295-304
Author(s):  
Lore M. Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Native American ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Global South ◽  
Additional Research ◽  
American People ◽  
Psychological Literature ◽  
Nonbinary Gender ◽  
And Training ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Minority

In this chapter the author explores the mental health of those with nonbinary gender identities and focuses on the issues they face. The author defines nonbinary identities and discusses how these identities are different than people who have binary identities. There is a summary of the extant psychological literature focusing on people with nonbinary identities. Attention is also brought to how racial and ethnic minority individuals, including Native American people, conceptualize nonbinary identities. The chapter ends with information about the lack of attention to the Global South and the need for additional research and training in the mental health of those with nonbinary identities.

Serving Native American Children and Families

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Robinson-Zañartu
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Learning Styles ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
World View ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
American People ◽  
Language Groups ◽  
Traditional Language ◽  
American Children

As a group, Native American people are perhaps the least understood and most underserved populations in schools. Native American is a collective term, representing a large variety of cultures, language groups, customs, traditions, levels of acculturation, and levels of traditional language use. In the context of this variation, I raise and discuss a number of common patterns in their traditions and histories: world view and belief systems, acculturation stress, school-home discontinuity, learning styles, and communication patterns, which are useful reference points from which to develop more culturally compatible evaluation approaches. The ecosystems and dynamic/mediational approaches are suggested as promising.

Interview with Gordon Henry

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Carbonara
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Native People ◽  
American People ◽  
American Indian Literature ◽  
Language Programs ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
Alaskan Native ◽  
Personal Story ◽  
Arts And Humanities

Gordon Henry is an enrolled member of the White Earth Anishinaabe Nation in Minnesota and professor of American Indian Literature, Creative Writing and the Creative Process in Integrative Arts and Humanities at Michigan State University. He is the author and co-editor of many books and collections, including The Failure of Certain Charms: And Other Disparate Signs of Life (2008). His novel The Light People (1994) won the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation. Following some of the stages in his career and personal story, which he kindly accepted to share with me, this interview highlights some of the crucial key issues concerning Native American people and cultures, questions that still need a wider transnational space both inside and outside academia. Discrimination based on language has influenced the history of Native American people for centuries, starting from the forced education of the young in the 19th century and continuing in the 20th, in the context of Hollywood film productions. Linguicism, language-based racism (Phillipson 1992), is a topic that needs to be addressed in the light of the recent flourishing of extremist thought worldwide, which carries the abused rhetoric of ‘us vs them’ (van Dijk 2015) and, at the same time, spurs protest movements. This reflection goes hand-in-hand with the controversial topic of the appropriation of Native American cultural practices by old and new wannabes (non-people who are so much fascinated by Native American cultures that end up imitating them by, for example, choosing a Native name or emphasising certain aspects of the culture which they admire, often basing their beliefs on stereotypes), whilst people living in the Reservations are still neglected and the Native American and Alaskan Native population register extremely high suicide, homicide and alcoholism rates compared to the U.S. all races population (especially women). But, the efforts and educational programs aimed to preserve languages and cultures (like the Lakota Language Consortium or the Rosetta Stone Endangered Language programs), the vibrancy of the artistic scene in the visual, literary and music fields, the various forms of activism and community engagement projects (such as, for example, the MMIWG movement – Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls – the water protectors protest at Standing Rock, known as #NoDapl, or the prayerful journey called Run4Salmon in California) are also to be acknowledged as milestones in the process of regaining self-sovereignty by Native people. Against the background of these considerations, I am pleased and honoured to share thoughts, feelings and emotions with Gordon Henry. 

scholarly journals Genome-wide Association Study of Non-syndromic Orofacial Clefts in a Multiethnic Sample of Families and Controls Identifies Novel Regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandita Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Eleanor Feingold ◽  
Lina Moreno-Uribe ◽  
George Wehby ◽  
Luz Consuelo Valencia-Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
South American ◽  
Orofacial Clefts ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Genome Wide

AbstractOrofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most prevalent craniofacial birth defects worldwide and create a significant public health burden. The majority of OFCs are non-syndromic and vary in prevalence by ethnicity. Africans have the lowest prevalence of OFCs (∼ 1/2,500), Asians have the highest prevalence (∼1/500), European and Latin Americans lie somewhere in the middle (∼1/800 and 1/900 respectively). Thus, ethnicity appears to be a major determinant of the risk of developing OFC. The Pittsburgh Orofacial Clefts Multiethnic study was designed to explore this ethnic variance, comprising a large number of families and individuals (∼12,000 individuals) from multiple populations worldwide: US and Europe, Asians, mixed Native American/Caucasians, and Africans. In this current study, we analyzed 2,915 OFC cases, 6,044 unaffected individuals related to the OFC cases, and 2,685 controls with no personal or family history of OFC. Participants were grouped by their ancestry into African, Asian, European, and Central and South American subsets, and genome-wide association run on the combined sample as well as the four ancestry-based groups. We observed 22 associations to cleft lip with or without cleft palate at 18 distinct loci with p-values < 1e-06, including 10 with genome-wide significance (< 5e-08), in the combined sample and within ancestry groups. Three loci - 2p12 (rs62164740, p=6.27e-07), 10q22.2 (rs150952246, p=3.14e-07), and 10q24.32 (rs118107597, p=8.21e-07) are novel. Nine were in or near known OFC loci - PAX7, IRF6, FAM49A, DCAF4L2, 8q24.21, NTN1, WNT3-WNT9B, TANC2, and RHPN2. The majority of the associations were observed only in the combined sample, European, and Central and South American groups. We investigated whether the observed differences in association strength were a) purely due to sample sizes, b) due to systematic allele frequency difference at the population level, or (c) due to the fact certain OFC-causing variants confer different amounts of risk depending on ancestral origin, by comparing effect sizes to observed allele frequencies of the effect allele in our ancestry-based groups. While some of the associations differ due to systematic differences in allele frequencies between groups, others show variation in effect size despite similar frequencies across ancestry groups.

Who Can Say They Are Apathetic and Listless Now?

2019 ◽  
pp. 42-67
Author(s):  
Douglas K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
American People ◽  
World War ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
And Migration ◽  
War Production ◽  
Migration Experiences

Roughly 65,000 Native American people enlisted for overseas service or contributed domestically to war production industries during World War II. Expansive off-reservation work and migration experiences created a historical precedent and network for subsequent waves of Native peoples who moved to cities for new opportunities and better standards of living after making significant contributions to the United States’ victory in World War II. Meanwhile, paying attention to Native American patriotism and urban labor, the federal government began envisioning an urban relocation program.

scholarly journals An intact gut microbiome protects genetically predisposed mice against leukemia

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (18) ◽  
pp. 2003-2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Vicente-Dueñas ◽  
Stefan Janssen ◽  
Marina Oldenburg ◽  
Franziska Auer ◽  
Inés González-Herrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Successful Prevention ◽  
Hematopoietic Bone Marrow

Abstract The majority of childhood leukemias are precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (pB-ALLs) caused by a combination of prenatal genetic predispositions and oncogenic events occurring after birth. Although genetic predispositions are frequent in children (&gt;1% to 5%), fewer than 1% of genetically predisposed carriers will develop pB-ALL. Although infectious stimuli are believed to play a major role in leukemogenesis, the critical determinants are not well defined. Here, by using murine models of pB-ALL, we show that microbiome disturbances incurred by antibiotic treatment early in life were sufficient to induce leukemia in genetically predisposed mice, even in the absence of infectious stimuli and independent of T cells. By using V4 and full-length 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of a series of fecal samples, we found that genetic predisposition to pB-ALL (Pax5 heterozygosity or ETV6-RUNX1 fusion) shaped a distinct gut microbiome. Machine learning accurately (96.8%) predicted genetic predisposition using 40 of 3983 amplicon sequence variants as proxies for bacterial species. Transplantation of either wild-type (WT) or Pax5+/– hematopoietic bone marrow cells into WT recipient mice revealed that the microbiome is shaped and determined in a donor genotype–specific manner. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of sera from WT and Pax5+/– mice demonstrated the presence of a genotype-specific distinct metabolomic profile. Taken together, our data indicate that it is a lack of commensal microbiota rather than the presence of specific bacteria that promotes leukemia in genetically predisposed mice. Future large-scale longitudinal studies are required to determine whether targeted microbiome modification in children predisposed to pB-ALL could become a successful prevention strategy.

Admixture In Sickle Cell Disease Defined By Genome Wide Ancestry Informative Markers Varies By Geographic Region In The United States

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 995-995
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Lena Diaw ◽  
Michael Dizon ◽  
Marci Barr ◽  
Meghan Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
North America ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
South American ◽  
Genetic Modifiers ◽  
Ancestry Informative Markers ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Us ◽  
Ancestry Proportions

Abstract Genome wide association studies (GWAS) are an important tool for identifying complex human disease loci. A key variable for GWAS is the degree of admixture or recent mixing of previously isolated populations. Undetected admixture can lead to spurious associations, although it may also be used as a strategy for mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium (MALD). Development of reagents to identify admixture and to perform MALD may help to identify genetic modifiers of sickle cell disease (SCD). We have examined ancestry and genetic admixture in SCD patients living in North America. We first examined ancestry from family histories for 649 adults recruited to the Bethesda Sickle Cell Cohort Study in the eastern US, where 61% of subjects are African American, 22% African, 12% Caribbean or South American and 1.8% of other origins. We hypothesized that the high proportion of subjects from the Africa ancestry group would diminish the expected degree of admixture in the Bethesda cohort compared to other SCD cohorts. To assess admixture at the genetic level, we identified ancestry informative markers (AIMs) from 3,804,602 SNPs genotyped by HapMap Phase III in CEU (European) and YRI (Nigeria) populations. These SNPs were combined with a published admixture mapping panel, yielding a new MALD panel of 2251 AIMs. We assessed the performance of our AIM panel by genotyping 221 HapMap individuals and 489 adults from the Bethesda cohort with an overall completion rate of 98.51% using Illumina iSelect arrays. HapMap samples had 98% concordance with publicly available data. Out of 2251 candidate markers, only 1806 successfully passed all quality controls (289 SNPs could not be genotyped; 82 were not AIMs; 74 had low concordance with HapMap). Using our HapMap genotype data, this admixture panel has a mean δ (difference in allele frequencies between populations) of 0.712 (SD 0.118) with an average inter-marker distance of 1.862 Mb. The utility of this 1806 marker panel for genome wide MALD in SCD was demonstrated with a proof of concept scan to map the known genetic locus underlying SCD in the Bethesda cohort. To compare admixture in the Bethesda cohort to other SCD populations, we defined a subset of AIMs (n=360) that distinguish 6 major geo-ethnic groups from the Human Genome Diversity Panel (n=952 individuals). These results suggest that these 360 markers can distinguish contributions from geo-ethnic ancestry groups besides African and European populations. Using these markers in the Bethesda cohort, principle components analysis (PCA) showed African American or Caribbean/South American subjects had a wider range of admixture compared to Africans or HapMap populations (CEU, YRI and CHB). We then compared admixture proportions in the Bethesda cohort to 2 additional SCD populations, including 469 anonymous samples from a newborn screen SCD cohort in the western US and 439 SCD adults from a clinical trial in North America and Europe (WalkPhasst). Comparison of these SCD cohorts to 3 HapMap populations using PCA showed nearly 50% of the variation is explained by 2 major vectors that distinguish European/African and Asian/Native American ancestry. Finally, we compared admixture proportions across all 3 SCD cohorts using Structure. Here, we observed significant differences in ancestry proportions arising from Africa, Europe and Asia/Americas (P<0.001 by ANOVA). Specifically, African ancestry proportions were 0.640, 0.700, and 0.510 from the Bethesda cohort, WalkPhasst, and western newborns (all pairwise comparisons P<0.01), respectively. Significantly, there were differences between the cohorts from different regions of the US, where the Bethesda cohort had 0.039 Asian/Native American ancestry compared to 0.085 in the western SCD newborns (P<0.001). We conclude that there are significant admixture differences in SCD populations from eastern and western regions of the US. Overall, SCD patients in North America have a variable degree of genetic admixture that could affect interpretation of candidate gene or GWA studies. Furthermore, the degree of admixture adjustment varies for SCD subjects from different geographic regions within the US. Finally, our proof of concept studies suggest SCD may be ideal for MALD whole genome scans to identify genetic modifiers. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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