scholarly journals Less entanglement exhibiting more nonlocality with noisy measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoyan Zhu ◽  
Daniel Dilley ◽  
Kunkun Wang ◽  
Lei Xiao ◽  
Eric Chitambar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Models ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Noise Parameter ◽  
Chsh Inequality ◽  
Noisy Measurements ◽  
Qubit States ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality test is widely used as a mean of invalidating the local deterministic theories. Most attempts to experimentally test nonlocality have presumed unphysical idealizations that do not hold in real experiments, namely, noiseless measurements. We demonstrate an experimental violation of the CHSH inequality that is free of idealization and rules out local models with high confidence. We show that the CHSH inequality can always be violated for any nonzero noise parameter of the measurement. Intriguingly, less entanglement exhibits more nonlocality in the CHSH test with noisy measurements. Furthermore, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate how the CHSH test with noisy measurements can be used to detect weak entanglement on two-qubit states. Our results offer a deeper insight into the relation between entanglement and nonlocality.

scholarly journals Adaptation in an Uncertain World—Detection and Attribution of Climate Change Trends and Extreme Possibilities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiyue Li ◽  
Gary Yohe
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Affirmative Answer ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Data Series ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Simulation Exercise ◽  
Detection And Attribution ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter offers results from an artificial simulation exercise that was designed to answer three fundamental questions that lie at the heart of anticipatory adaptation. First, how can confidence in projected vulnerabilities and impacts be greater than the confidence in attributing what has heretofore been observed? Second, are there characteristics of recent historical data series that do or do not portend our achieving high confidence in attribution to climate change in support of framing adaptation decisions in an uncertain future? And finally, what can analysis of confidence in attribution tell us about ranges of “not-implausible” extreme futures vis-à-vis projections based at least implicitly on an assumption that the climate system is static? An extension of the IPCC method of assessing our confidence in attribution to anthropogenic sources of detected warming presents an answer to the first question. It is also possible to identify characteristics that support an affirmative answer to the second. Finally, this chapter offer some insight into the significance of our attribution methodology in informing attempts to frame considerations of potential extremes and how to respond.

scholarly journals Informing the uninformed: a multitier approach to uncover students’ misconceptions on cardiovascular physiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein Versteeg ◽  
Marjo Wijnen-Meijer ◽  
Paul Steendijk
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Confidence Score ◽  
Cardiovascular Physiology ◽  
Altman Analysis ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Weak Correlation ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Insight Into

Misconceptions about physiology are a major threat to accurate scientific and clinical reasoning in medical education. Awareness is often mentioned as a prerequisite to achieve conceptual understanding; however, students are frequently unaware of their incorrect understanding. We explored the multitier approach as a tool to obtain insight into students’ awareness and misconceptions regarding cardiovascular physiology. Biomedical sciences students ( N = 81) participated in a diagnostic multitier assessment on cardiovascular physiology. Each question consisted of an answer tier and an explanation tier. Both tiers were paired with confidence tiers, i.e., 5-point Likert scales, which were used as an indicator for metacognitive evaluation, i.e., awareness. The average test score was 3.07 (maximum 4.0) for the answer tier only, and reduced to 1.57 when answer and explanation tiers were combined. A weak correlation ( R2= 0.13, P = 0.001) between students’ confidence and their test scores was found for the combined responses. Correct combined answers were associated with an increase in confidence score of 0.27 vs. incorrect answers. Using a Bland-Altman analysis, we showed that students generally overestimated their knowledge. In total, 28.7% of all responses were classified as misconceptions, defined as incorrect answers paired with high confidence. In all, findings indicate that the multitier approach is useful to study students’ conceptual understanding and uncover misconceptions on cardiovascular physiology. Furthermore, this study supports the need for metacognitive measures in order to improve teaching and learning in medical education.

ENTANGLEMENT, PURITY AND VIOLATION OF BELL INEQUALITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 07 (07) ◽  
pp. 1313-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
DONG-LING DENG ◽  
JING-LING CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Bell Inequality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Entanglement Of Formation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Chsh Inequality ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Qubit States

We use the Clauser–Horne–Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality to investigate the relationship among entanglement, purity and violation of the Bell inequality. On the one hand, we show numerically that all two-dimensional (qubit) states, whose entanglement of formation (EOF) is larger than [Formula: see text], violate the CHSH inequality. On the other hand, any state with purity smaller than 0.5562 may not violate it.

scholarly journals Algorithmic construction of local models for entangled quantum states: Optimization for two-qubit states

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Fillettaz ◽  
Flavien Hirsch ◽  
Sébastien Designolle ◽  
Nicolas Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Quantum States ◽  
Local Models ◽  
Entangled Quantum States ◽  
Algorithmic Construction ◽  
Qubit States

scholarly journals On global effects caused by locally noneffective unitary operations

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (11&12) ◽  
pp. 1013-1029
Author(s):  
S. Gharibian ◽  
H. Kampermann ◽  
D. Bruss
Keyword(s):  
Special Property ◽  
Higher Dimensions ◽  
Entangled States ◽  
Global State ◽  
Chsh Inequality ◽  
Entanglement Detection ◽  
Werner States ◽  
Arbitrary Dimensions ◽  
Qubit States ◽  
Non Locality

Given a bipartite quantum state $\rho$ with subsystems $A$ and $B$ of arbitrary dimensions, we study the entanglement detecting capabilities of locally noneffective, or cyclic, unitary operations [Fu, Europhys. Lett., vol. 75]. Local cyclic unitaries have the special property that they leave their target subsystem invariant. We investigate the distance between $\rho$ and the global state after local application of such unitaries as a possible indicator of entanglement. To this end, we derive and discuss closed formulae for the maximal such distance achievable for three cases of interest: (pseudo)pure quantum states, Werner states, and two-qubit states. What makes this criterion interesting, as we show here, is that it surprisingly displays behavior similar to recent anomalies observed for non-locality measures in higher dimensions, as well as demonstrates an equivalence to the CHSH inequality for certain classes of two-qubit states. Yet, despite these similarities, the criterion is not itself a non-locality measure. We also consider entanglement detection in bound entangled states.

scholarly journals State-independent quantum key distribution with two-way classical communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15&16) ◽  
pp. 1279-1293
Author(s):  
Radha Pyari Sandhir
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Key Distribution ◽  
Type Inequality ◽  
Key Distribution ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Classical Communication ◽  
Single Qubit ◽  
Chsh Inequality ◽  
Qubit States ◽  
Quantum Key Distribution Protocol ◽  
Sequential Measurements

A quantum key distribution protocol is proposed that is a variation of BB84 that provides raw key generation from correlations that violate a Bell-type inequality for single qubit systems and not entangled pairs. Additionally, it 1) is state-independent, 2) involves two-way classical communication, and 3) does not require basis matching between the two parties. The Brukner-Taylor-Cheung-Vedral (BTCV) time-like form of the Bell-CHSH inequality by Bruk and by Tay is employed as an eavesdropping check; sequential measurements lead to an inequality identical in form to the Bell-CHSH inequality, which relies only on the measurements performed with no regard for the qubit states. We show that this form manifests naturally from the non-commutativity of observables.

Tissue heterogeneity of the mammalian mitochondrial proteome

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (2) ◽  
pp. C689-C697 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Thor Johnson ◽  
Robert A. Harris ◽  
Stephanie French ◽  
Paul V. Blair ◽  
Jinsam You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Mitochondrial Localization ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Mitochondrial Proteome ◽  
Identification Threshold ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin ◽  
Mitochondrial Heterogeneity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Different Tissues

The functionality of the mitochondrion is primarily determined by nuclear encoded proteins. The mitochondrial functional requirements of different tissues vary from a significant biosynthetic role (liver) to a primarily energy metabolism-oriented organelle (heart). The purpose of this study was to compare the mitochondrial proteome from four different tissues of the rat, brain, liver, heart, and kidney, to provide insight into the extent of mitochondrial heterogeneity and to further characterize the overall mitochondrial proteome. Mitochondria were isolated, solubilized, digested, and subjected to quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Of the 16,950 distinct peptides detected, 8,045 proteins were identified. High-confidence identification threshold was reached by 1,162 peptides, which were further analyzed. Of these 1,162 proteins, 1,149 were significantly different in content ( P and q values < 0.05) between at least 2 tissues, whereas 13 were not significantly different between any tissues. Confirmation of the mitochondrial origin of proteins was determined from the literature or via NH2-terminal mitochondrial localization signals. With these criteria, 382 proteins in the significantly different groups were confirmed to be mitochondrial, and 493 could not be confirmed to be mitochondrial but were not definitively localized elsewhere in the cell. A total of 145 proteins were assigned to the rat mitochondrial proteome for the first time via their NH2-terminal mitochondrial localization signals. Among the proteins that were not significantly different between tissues, three were confirmed to be mitochondrial. Most notable of the significantly different proteins were histone family proteins and several structural proteins, including tubulin and intermediate filaments. The mitochondrial proteome from each tissue had very specific characteristics indicative of different functional emphasis. These data confirm the notion that mitochondria are tuned by the nucleus for specific functions in different tissues.

scholarly journals The role of identity and gender in seafood cooking skills

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Wien ◽  
Siril Alm ◽  
Themistoklis Altintzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Food Products ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cooking Skills ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Insight Into

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore whether consumers' confidence in cooking skills related to seafood differed across genders, and if such difference could be explained by the identity-relevance of seafood cooking for men.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data was collected from a balanced sample of 515 Norwegian consumers.FindingsThe results showed that men (versus women) with high confidence in their seafood cooking skills have a lower preference for convenient seafood solutions, indicating that these men may be more reluctant to use food products that could hinder the cooking outcome being attributed to their cooking skills.Originality/valueThis study adds nuance to the understanding of male consumers as highly reliant on convenience products when cooking. More specifically, this study provides novel insight into how men function differently than women in relation to preparing seafood, suggesting that some men resist using convenient seafood solutions in order to express an identity as skillful in the kitchen.

scholarly journals A Drug Content, Stability Analysis, and Qualitative Assessment of Pharmacists’ Opinions of Two Exemplar Extemporaneous Formulations

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 3078
Author(s):  
Melissa Kirkby ◽  
Kurtis Moffatt ◽  
Aoife M. Rogers ◽  
Paul J. McCague ◽  
James C. McElnay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Drug Content ◽  
Extemporaneous Preparation ◽  
Perceived Complexity ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire ◽  
Insight Into

Despite a decline in the number of active pharmaceutical ingredients prepared extemporaneously using proprietary products, there remains a need for such products in the community (for example, liquid medicines for paediatrics which may be otherwise commercially unavailable). A lack of experience and quality assurance systems may have diminished pharmacist’s confidence in the extemporaneous preparation process; therefore, pharmacists were asked to prepare two proprietary products, omeprazole and amlodipine. The resulting products were characterised in terms of variability in drug quantity, stability, particle size and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, a self-administered questionnaire was used to assess 10 pharmacists’ opinions on the perceived complexity of the extemporaneous compounding process and their overall confidence in the final extemporaneously compounded products. Drug content studies revealed that 88.5% and 98.0% of the desired drug content was obtained for omeprazole and amlodipine, respectively. Antimicrobial properties were maintained for both drugs, however variability in particle size, particularly for amlodipine, was evident between formulations. While pharmacists who partook in the study had some or high confidence in the final products, they reported difficulty formulating the suspensions. Findings from this study provide insight into pharmacists’ views on two extemporaneously prepared products and highlight the variability obtained in preparations prepared by different pharmacists.

Calibration problems in hydrogen luminosities

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 322-330
Author(s):  
A. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Structure ◽  
B Stars ◽  
Insight Into

The investigations which I should like to summarize in this paper concern recent photo-electric luminosity determinations of O and B stars. Their final aim has been the derivation of new stellar distances, and some insight into certain patterns of galactic structure.

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