scholarly journals The effect of SARS-CoV-2 D614G mutation on BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited neutralization

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Zou ◽  
Xuping Xie ◽  
Camila R. Fontes-Garfias ◽  
Kena A. Swanson ◽  
Isis Kanevsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Original Sequence ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Virus Escape ◽  
Human Sera

AbstractInitial COVID-19 vaccine candidates were based on the original sequence of SARS-CoV-2. However, the virus has since accumulated mutations, among which the spike D614G is dominant in circulating virus, raising questions about potential virus escape from vaccine-elicited immunity. Here, we report that the D614G mutation modestly reduced (1.7–2.4-fold) SARS-CoV-2 neutralization by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited mouse, rhesus, and human sera, concurring with the 95% vaccine efficacy observed in clinical trial.

scholarly journals Contrasting Adult and Infant Immune Responses to HIV Infection and Vaccination

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Martinez ◽  
Sallie R. Permar ◽  
Genevieve G. Fouda
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Hiv Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Pediatric Populations

ABSTRACTExtensive studies have demonstrated that infant immune responses are distinct from those of adults. Despite these differences, infant immunization can elicit protective immune responses at levels comparable to or, in some cases, higher than adult immune responses to many vaccines. To date, only a few HIV vaccine candidates have been tested in infant populations, and none of them evaluated vaccine efficacy. Recent exciting studies showing that HIV-infected infants can develop broad neutralizing antibody responses and that some HIV vaccine regimens can elicit high levels of potentially protective antibodies in infants provide support for the development and testing of HIV vaccines in pediatric populations. In this review, we discuss the differences in adult and infant immune responses in the setting of HIV infection and vaccination.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Impact of Natural Immunity on Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Estimates: A Clinical Trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh (PROVIDE) and a Simulation Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 217 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth T Rogawski ◽  
James A Platts-Mills ◽  
E Ross Colgate ◽  
Rashidul Haque ◽  
K Zaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
The Impact

Genetic Characterization of HIV Before Widespread Testing of HIV Vaccine Candidates at a Clinical Trial Site in Pretoria, South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1131-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Musyoki ◽  
Khutso Mothapo ◽  
Johnny Rakgole ◽  
Azwidowi Lukhwareni ◽  
Pascal Bessong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Trial Site ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Clinical Trial Site

scholarly journals Malaria vaccines: lessons from field trials

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl 2) ◽  
pp. S310-S326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio J. Struchiner ◽  
M. Elizabeth Halloran ◽  
Robert C. Brunet ◽  
José M. C. Ribeiro ◽  
Eduardo Massad
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Final States ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Malaria Vaccines ◽  
Epidemiologic Data

Malaria vaccine candidates have already been tested and new trials are being carried out. We present a brief description of specific issues of validity that are relevant when assessing vaccine efficacy in the field and illustrate how the application of these principles might improve our interpretation of the data being gathered in actual malaria vaccine field trials. Our discussion assumes that vaccine evaluation shares the same general principles of validity with epidemiologic causal inference, i.e., the process of drawing inferences from epidemiologic data aiming at the identification of causes of diseases. Judicious exercise of these principles indicates that, for meaningful interpretation, measures of vaccine efficacy require definitions based upon arguments conditional on the amount of exposure to infection, and specification of the initial and final states in which one believes the effect of interest takes place.

scholarly journals Vaccines for COVID-19 - state of the art

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Eduardo Jorge da Fonseca Lima ◽  
Amalia Mapurunga Almeida ◽  
Renato de Ávila Kfouri
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
New Generation

Abstract Vaccine candidates against COVID-19 have diverse compositions, from traditional inac-tivated virus vaccines to various new-generation vaccines. Currently, approximately 175 research teams worldwide are studying various vaccine possibilities as the necessityto vacci-nate the entire population against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is urgent. Although, the development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine is not easy, the manufacturing, distribution, and administration of the vaccine can also face extraordinary challenges. In this review, we enhance some of the current knowledge regarding the clinical trial phases on different COVID-19 vaccine candidates, its potential strengths and disadvantages, and to discuss ethical aspects and their chances of success in large-scale applications.

scholarly journals The O-Ag Antibody Response to Francisella Is Distinct in Rodents and Higher Animals and Can Serve as a Correlate of Protection

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1646
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Shoudy ◽  
Prachi Namjoshi ◽  
Gabriela Giordano ◽  
Sudeep Kumar ◽  
Jennifer D. Bowling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Live Vaccine Strain ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Correlates Of Protection ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
Bona Fide

Identifying correlates of protection (COPs) for vaccines against lethal human (Hu) pathogens, such as Francisella tularensis (Ft), is problematic, as clinical trials are currently untenable and the relevance of various animal models can be controversial. Previously, Hu trials with the live vaccine strain (LVS) demonstrated ~80% vaccine efficacy against low dose (~50 CFU) challenge; however, protection deteriorated with higher challenge doses (~2000 CFU of SchuS4) and no COPs were established. Here, we describe our efforts to develop clinically relevant, humoral COPs applicable to high-dose, aerosol challenge with S4. First, our serosurvey of LVS-vaccinated Hu and animals revealed that rabbits (Rbs), but not rodents, recapitulate the Hu O-Ag dependent Ab response to Ft. Next, we assayed Rbs immunized with distinct S4-based vaccine candidates (S4ΔclpB, S4ΔguaBA, and S4ΔaroD) and found that, across multiple vaccines, the %O-Ag dep Ab trended with vaccine efficacy. Among S4ΔguaBA-vaccinated Rbs, the %O-Ag dep Ab in pre-challenge plasma was significantly higher in survivors than in non-survivors; a cut-off of >70% O-Ag dep Ab predicted survival with high sensitivity and specificity. Finally, we found this COP in 80% of LVS-vaccinated Hu plasma samples as expected for a vaccine with 80% Hu efficacy. Collectively, the %O-Ag dep Ab response is a bona fide COP for S4ΔguaBA-vaccinated Rb and holds significant promise for guiding vaccine trials with higher animals.

scholarly journals What are the most promising treatments and vaccine candidates for COVID-19? A global survey of experts involved in virus research (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Pereira Cabral ◽  
Luiza Braga ◽  
Fabio Mota
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Virus Research ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Effective Drugs

BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents a great public health challenge around the world, especially given the urgency to identify effective drugs and develop a vaccine in a short period of time. Globally, there are several drug and vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials, yet it is not yet clear which will prove successful. OBJECTIVE This study addresses this gap by mapping the treatments and vaccine candidates currently in clinical trials and assessing the opinions on these candidates of virus-related researchers from all over the world. METHODS Clinical trial data were obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov and the survey’s respondents were authors of recent scientific publications related to viruses, SARS virus, coronavirus, and COVID-19 indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection. RESULTS The results show that remdesivir, immunoglobulin from cured patients and plasma are considered the most promising treatments, and ChAdOx1 and mRNA-1273 the most promising vaccine candidates. They also indicate that a vaccine could be available within eighteen months. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the clinical trial process are currently being implemented worldwide in an attempt to accelerate the discovery of an entirely new vaccine to prevent COVID-19 8. These changes may be why the respondents felt it would take such a short time to develop a vaccine. Despite the relatively high percentage of unknown answers, which may be linked to the short-term perspective of this survey and the current uncertainties surrounding the subject at hand, the results of this survey suggest that the efforts made so far to accelerate the discovery of a new vaccine are in line with its purpose. If these expectations are confirmed, perhaps the discovery that will bring an end to the COVID-19 pandemic is not so very far away

scholarly journals Immunogenicity of chimeric haemagglutinin-based, universal influenza virus vaccine candidates: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1 clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I Bernstein ◽  
Jeffrey Guptill ◽  
Abdollah Naficy ◽  
Raffael Nachbagauer ◽  
Francesco Berlanda-Scorza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Influenza Virus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Phase 1 Clinical Trial

scholarly journals The Search of a Malaria Vaccine: The Time for Modified Immuno-Potentiating Probes

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Lozano ◽  
Zully Rodríguez Parra ◽  
Salvador Hernández-Martínez ◽  
Maria Fernanda Yasnot-Acosta ◽  
Angela Patricia Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Limited Efficacy ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Chemical Strategies

Malaria is a deadly disease that takes the lives of more than 420,000 people a year and is responsible for more than 229 million clinical cases globally. In 2019, 95% of malaria morbidity occurred in African countries. The development of a highly protective vaccine is an urgent task that remains to be solved. Many vaccine candidates have been developed, from the use of the entire attenuated and irradiated pre-erythrocytic parasite forms (or recombinantly expressed antigens thereof) to synthetic candidates formulated in a variety of adjuvants and delivery systems, however these have unfortunately proven a limited efficacy. At present, some vaccine candidates are finishing safety and protective efficacy trials, such as the PfSPZ and the RTS,S/AS01 which are being introduced in Africa. We propose a strategy for introducing non-natural elements into target antigens representing key epitopes of Plasmodium spp. Accordingly, chemical strategies and knowledge of host immunity to Plasmodium spp. have served as the basis. Evidence is obtained after being tested in experimental rodent models for malaria infection and recognized for human sera from malaria-endemic regions. This encourages us to propose such an immune-potentiating strategy to be further considered in the search for new vaccine candidates.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reveals Genomic Divergence with Implications for Universal Vaccine Efficacy

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 591
Author(s):  
Nanda Kumar Yellapu ◽  
Shachi Patel ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Richard Meier ◽  
Lisa Neums ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Universal Vaccine ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Genomic Divergence

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is one of the pressing contemporary public health challenges. Investigations into the genomic structure of SARS-CoV-2 may inform ongoing vaccine development efforts and/or provide insights into vaccine efficacy to fight against COVID-19. Evolutionary analysis of 540 genomes spanning 20 different countries/territories was conducted and revealed an increase in the genomic divergence across successive generations. The ancestor of the phylogeny was found to be the isolate from the 2019/2020 Wuhan outbreak. Its transmission was outlined across 20 countries/territories as per genomic similarity. Our results demonstrate faster evolving variations in the genomic structure of SARS-CoV-2 when compared to the isolates from early stages of the pandemic. Genomic alterations were predominantly located and mapped onto the reported vaccine candidates of structural genes, which are the main targets for vaccine candidates. S protein showed 34, N protein 25, E protein 2, and M protein 3 amino acid variations in 246 genomes among 540. Among identified mutations, 23 in S protein, 1 in E, 2 from M, and 7 from N protein were mapped with the reported vaccine candidates explaining the possible implications on universal vaccines. Hence, potential target regions for vaccines would be ideally chosen from the structural regions of the genome that lack high variation. The increasing variations in the genome of SARS-CoV-2 together with our observations in structural genes have important implications for the efficacy of a successful universal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.

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