scholarly journals Geolocated dataset of Chinese overseas development finance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Ray ◽  
Kevin P. Gallagher ◽  
William Kring ◽  
Joshua Pitts ◽  
B. Alexander Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Development Finance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chinese Overseas ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Application Programming ◽  
Original Application

AbstractChina is now the world’s largest source of bilateral development finance and will likely continue to play a prominent role in sovereign lending through its multi-billion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative. This paper introduces major methodological enhancements in tracking this finance: the use of an original application programming interface (API) to gathers news in multiple languages; double-verification of every record to ensure every finance commitment has been formalized; and visual geo-location to trace the precise footprint of every project. The resulting dataset enables economic, environmental, and social analyses with high-precision spatial accuracy, as well as spatiotemporal monitoring by project stakeholders and enhanced planning by project managers. It covers the years 2008–2019 to enable analysis before and after the announcement of the Belt and Road Initiative. It includes 862 finance commitments, 669 of which have geographic location, to 94 countries across the world.

China’s Soft Power in Pakistan: The Representation of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor in Local Newspapers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Zahid Shahab AHMED ◽  
Ahsan HANIF ◽  
Baogang HE
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
Newspaper Reporting ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Belt And Road

This article conducts a case study of China’s influence on Pakistan by collecting and analysing news coverage from two prominent English and Urdu newspapers in Pakistan for a five-year period between 2013 and 2018. It compares the changes in newspaper reporting before and after the launch of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) in 2015. Analysis has shown a significant increase in positive reporting on the CPEC and China. The case of Pakistan is representative of its recognition of China’s soft power in a developing country, thus offering a new perspective on China’s goodwill vis-à-vis the Belt and Road Initiative.

scholarly journals Economic Complexity Based Recommendation Enhance the Efficiency of the Belt and Road Initiative

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Liao ◽  
Xiao-Min Huang ◽  
Alexandre Vidmer ◽  
Yi-Cheng Zhang ◽  
Ming-Yang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Recommendation Algorithm ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Ideal

The Belt and Road initiative (BRI) was announced in 2013 by the Chinese government. Its goal is to promote the cooperation between European and Asian countries, as well as enhancing the trust between members and unifying the market. Since its creation, more and more developing countries are joining the initiative. Based on the geographical location characteristics of the countries in this initiative, we propose an improvement of a popular recommendation algorithm that includes geographic location information. This recommendation algorithm is able to make suitable recommendations of products for countries in the BRI. Then, Fitness and Complexity metrics are used to evaluate the impact of the recommendation results and measure the country’s competitiveness. The aim of this work is to provide countries’ insights on the ideal development direction. By following the recommendations, the countries can quickly increase their international competitiveness.

Identifying the Factors of the Successful Implementation of Belt and Road Initiative on Small–Medium Enterprises in Malaysia

China Report ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-363
Author(s):  
Aye Aye Khin ◽  
Fong Yi Chiun ◽  
Lim Chee Seong
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
New Business ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises

This article is a conceptual review of identifying the factors of the successful implementation of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on small-medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. China’s president Xi Jin Ping has launched the China’s ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative or BRI in 2013. BRI focusses on the connectivity and cooperation between Asian, European and African continents economically and strategically through massive infrastructure developments, trades and investments. BRI is specified to two international trade connections: land-based ‘Silk Road Economic Belt’ and sea-based ‘21st Century Maritime Silk Road’. Malaysia is one of the Southeast Asia countries that actively participated in BRI. According to the World Bank, SMEs are almost 98.5 per cent of business establishments in Malaysia, which undoubtedly indicates how important SMEs are in Malaysia. As such, that is the question to ponder of how BRI could connect and associate with the enhancement and development of Malaysia’s SMEs. Therefore, the objective of the study is to identify the factors of the successful implementation of BRI on SMEs in Malaysia. Based on this study’s literature reviews, it would be suggested that new business and investment opportunity creations, connectivity and cooperation enhancement, trade and export boosting, geographic location and enhancement of e-commerce were the most critical factors in the successful implementation of BRI on SMEs in Malaysia.

scholarly journals BaMORC: A Software Package for Accurate and Robust 13C Reference Correction of Protein NMR Spectra

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1984914
Author(s):  
Xi Chen ◽  
Andrey Smelter ◽  
Hunter N. B. Moseley
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Software Package ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Chemical Shifts ◽  
Protein Nmr ◽  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
Nmr Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Application Programming ◽  
Reference Correction

We describe Bayesian Model Optimized Reference Correction (BaMORC), a software package that performs 13C chemical shifts reference correction for either assigned or unassigned peak lists derived from protein NMR spectra. BaMORC provides an intuitive command line interface that allows non-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experts to detect and correct 13C chemical shift referencing errors of unassigned peak lists at the very beginning of NMR data analysis, further lowering the bar of expertise required for effective protein NMR analysis. Furthermore, BaMORC provides an application programming interface for integration into sophisticated protein NMR data analysis pipelines, both before and after the protein resonance assignment step.

DOES THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE RESHAPE CHINA’S OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ASEAN? SHIFTING MOTIVES OF STATE-OWNED AND PRIVATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
SHI JIN ◽  
HU XIAOHUI ◽  
LI YUNXIONG ◽  
FENG TAO
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Conditional Logit ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

In recent years, China has been increasingly witnessed as a major global outward investor, especially since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013. The question of whether and if yes how the BRI reshapes firm outward investment motives remains under-researched. Using a project-level database of China’s Outward Direct Investment from the Ministry of Commerce from 2010 to 2015, this paper investigates the changing investment motives of state-owned and private-owned enterprises (SOEs and POEs) before and after the implementation of the BRI in two periods, namely 2010–2013 and 2014–2015. Our conditional logit models show that (1) market-seeking is one of the key motives for both POEs and SOEs; (2) POEs pursued natural resources in ASEAN based on geographical and relational proximity in the pre-BRI period while SOEs are directed to exploit natural resources in ASEAN besides remoter destinations after the launch of the BRI; (3) POEs are risk-taking in both periods, which runs counter to conventional expectations. This can be explained by the long-term investment tradition of POEs in ASEAN in which POEs are attracted predominantly by socio-economic factors and often less sensitive to variegated host institutions among ASEAN countries and (4) the BRI promotes Chinese OFDI in ASEAN through increased senior leader visits and enhanced diplomatic relations.

scholarly journals CRSeek: a Python module for facilitating complicated CRISPR design strategies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Dampier ◽  
Cheng-Han Chung ◽  
Neil T Sullivan ◽  
Andrew J Atkins ◽  
Michael R Nonnemacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Application Programming Interface ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Prediction Algorithms ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Processing Module ◽  
Application Programming ◽  
Upstream Processing ◽  
Cas Gene

With the popularization of the CRISPR-Cas gene editing system there has been an explosion of new techniques made possible by this versatile technology. However, the computational field has lagged behind with a current lack of computational tools for developing complicated CRISPR-Cas gene editing strategies. We present crseek, a Python package that provides a consistent application programming interface (API) for multiple cleavage prediction algorithms. Four popular cleavage prediction algorithms were implemented and further adapted to work on draft-quality genomes. Furthermore, since crseek mirrors the popular scikit-learn API, the package can be easily integrated as an upstream processing module for facilitating further CRISPR-Cas machine learning research. The package is fully integrated with the biopython package facilitating simple import, export, and manipulation of sequences before and after gene editing. This manuscript presents four common gene editing tasks that would be difficult with current tools but are easily performed with the crseek package. We believe this package will help bioinformaticians rapidly design complex CRISPR-Cas gene editing strategies and will be a useful addition to the field.

scholarly journals US-Pakistan Relations in Retrospect: The Changing Geopolitical Landscape of South Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol III (III) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tasawar Baig ◽  
Saadia Beg ◽  
Asif Khan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
High Time ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Central South

A study of the 70 years of strategic relations between the US and Pakistan reveals that the main consideration in the partnership has always been security. Considering the changes in international politics that have a particular impact in the region-like China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the growing support for multilateralism-it is high time the two review this relationship and look beyond the security lens. Pakistan, population wise the sixth largest country, sits at the crossroads of major powers' interest due to its pivotal geographic location and natural resources. This study analyses various phases of the US-Pakistan relations in the region. The discussion finds Pakistan is a lynchpin for Central, South and West Asia connecting the East and West. Avoiding Pakistan shall be a gross diplomatic mistake by the US, rather a renewed partnership that thinks beyond the security of this region is required. The focus should on development, social, economic, and environmental challenges to explore opportunities for partnership between the US and Pakistan.

scholarly journals The New Asian Development Finance

IDS Bulletin ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Costa Vazquez ◽  
Yu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Asian Development ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Development Finance ◽  
Development Regime ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
The Belt And Road

The recent challenges posed for multilateralism and the emergence of a sustainable development regime have pushed countries to engage in more flexible, issue-based development finance initiatives and institutions. These changes have profoundly impacted how China conceives and delivers its development finance. How is China’s development finance being shaped by other countries’ experiences? How has China been shaping development finance globally? This article argues that China’s development finance has been increasingly market-oriented, concerned about financial and environmental sustainability, and delivered through hybrid bilateral–multilateral channels, particularly since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative. Shaped by the changes that China experienced at both international and domestic levels, these new features signal the rise of a ‘new Asian development finance’ that is refocusing the global debate on the importance of combining aid, trade, and investment under financially and environmentally sustainable frameworks, and channelling development finance through multilateral channels to catalyse structural transformation.

scholarly journals A study on China’s Agricultural Products Exports to Kazakhstan Based on CMS Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 03043
Author(s):  
Huiqing Sun ◽  
Qingrou Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

This article applies the modified CMS model and selects the data about exports of China’s agricultural products to Kazakhstan from 1998 to 2019 according to SITC (Rev.3) so as to make an empirical analysis of the factors influencing the growth of China’s agricultural products exports to Kazakhstan based on both the overall and classification perspectives. The results show that the structural change effects promoted the growth of China’s agricultural products exports to Kazakhstan before the “Belt and Road” initiative was proposed, followed by the inhibiting effect. The competitiveness effect is inhibitory, and then it is promoting. The interaction effects before and after the “Belt and Road” initiative was proposed are both inhibitory.

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