scholarly journals Pigeons integrate visual motion signals differently than humans

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuya Hataji ◽  
Hika Kuroshima ◽  
Kazuo Fujita
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Motion Integration ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Plaid Motion

Abstract Perceiving motion is a fundamental ability for animals. Primates integrate local 1D motion across orientation and space to compute a rigid 2D motion. It is unknown whether the rule of 2D motion integration is universal within the vertebrate clade; comparative studies of animals with different ecological backgrounds from primates may help answer that question. Here we investigated 2D motion integration in pigeons, using hierarchically structured motion stimuli, namely a barber-pole illusion and plaid motion. The pigeons were trained to report the direction of motion of random dots. When a barber-pole or plaid stimulus was presented, they reported the direction perpendicular to the grating orientation for barber-pole and the vector average of two component gratings for plaid motion. These results demonstrate that pigeons perceive different directions than humans from the same motion stimuli, and suggest that the 2D integrating rules in the primate brain has been elaborated through phylogenetic or ecological factors specific to the clade.

scholarly journals The parieto-insular vestibular cortex in humans: more than a single area?

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 1438-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian M. Frank ◽  
Mark W. Greenlee
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Insular Cortex ◽  
Vestibular Cortex ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
The Core ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Posterior Insula ◽  
And Function

Here, we review the structure and function of a core region in the vestibular cortex of humans that is located in the midposterior Sylvian fissure and referred to as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex (PIVC). Previous studies have investigated PIVC by using vestibular or visual motion stimuli and have observed activations that were distributed across multiple anatomical structures, including the temporo-parietal junction, retroinsula, parietal operculum, and posterior insula. However, it has remained unclear whether all of these anatomical areas correspond to PIVC and whether PIVC responds to both vestibular and visual stimuli. Recent results suggest that the region that has been referred to as PIVC in previous studies consists of multiple areas with different anatomical correlates and different functional specializations. Specifically, a vestibular but not visual area is located in the parietal operculum, close to the posterior insula, and likely corresponds to the nonhuman primate PIVC, while a visual-vestibular area is located in the retroinsular cortex and is referred to, for historical reasons, as the posterior insular cortex area (PIC). In this article, we review the anatomy, connectivity, and function of PIVC and PIC and propose that the core of the human vestibular cortex consists of at least two separate areas, which we refer to together as PIVC+. We also review the organization in the nonhuman primate brain and show that there are parallels to the proposed organization in humans.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Filter for Visual Motion Integration from Pursuit Eye Movements in Humans and Monkeys

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1394-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trishna Mukherjee ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
Claudio Simoncini ◽  
Leslie C. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Motion Integration

scholarly journals A természeti környezetre utaló településnevek kronológiai viszonyai

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 121-132
Author(s):  
Éva Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Single Component ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Two Component

Chronological Features of Settlement Names Referring to the Natural Environment In this paper I examine the chronological features of settlement names referring to the natural environment. My objective is to find out when and in what propor-tion this name type and its structural categories (names without a formant, single-component and two-component names) appeared in sources from the Old Hungari-an Era and how their frequency changed during the centuries. My findings based on the relative chronological analysis are compared with the chronological features of the settlement names referring to people. For this comparative study, I chose a sub-category of names referring to the human environment, the type of settlement names formed from the names of social groups (ethnonyms, names of tribes, and occupational names). Keywords: toponyms from the early Old Hungarian Era, settlement names referring to the natural environment, frequency, relative chronology, comparative studies

scholarly journals Comparing the influence of stimulus size and contrast on the perception of moving gratings and random dot patterns—A registered report protocol

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253067
Author(s):  
Benedict Wild ◽  
Stefan Treue
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Processing Pipeline ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Random Dot Patterns

Modern accounts of visual motion processing in the primate brain emphasize a hierarchy of different regions within the dorsal visual pathway, especially primary visual cortex (V1) and the middle temporal area (MT). However, recent studies have called the idea of a processing pipeline with fixed contributions to motion perception from each area into doubt. Instead, the role that each area plays appears to depend on properties of the stimulus as well as perceptual history. We propose to test this hypothesis in human subjects by comparing motion perception of two commonly used stimulus types: drifting sinusoidal gratings (DSGs) and random dot patterns (RDPs). To avoid potential biases in our approach we are pre-registering our study. We will compare the effects of size and contrast levels on the perception of the direction of motion for DSGs and RDPs. In addition, based on intriguing results in a pilot study, we will also explore the effects of a post-stimulus mask. Our approach will offer valuable insights into how motion is processed by the visual system and guide further behavioral and neurophysiological research.

Vertebrate Evolution and Movement

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherrondria Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Complex Organization ◽  
Architectural Principles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Organizing Principles

Comparative studies of the brain in vertebrates suggest that there are general architectural principles leading to its development and overall improvement. We are beginning to understand the geometric, biophysical and energy constraints that have contributed to the progression and practical organization of the brain. The object of this review is to present current perspectives on primate brain evolution, and to examine some hypothetical organizing principles that underlie the brain's complex organization. It is shown that the development of the cortex coordinates folding with connectivity in a way that produces smaller and faster brains. It will be discussed that at a brain size of about 3500 cm3, equivalent to a brain that is two to three times larger than the modern man, the brain seems to reach its maximum processing capacity. As the brain grows larger than this particular size range, it becomes less proficient it will ultimately restrict any improvement and overall function.

scholarly journals Visual motion integration by neurons in the middle temporal area of a New World monkey, the marmoset

2011 ◽  
Vol 589 (23) ◽  
pp. 5741-5758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selina S. Solomon ◽  
Chris Tailby ◽  
Saba Gharaei ◽  
Aaron J. Camp ◽  
James A. Bourne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
New World Monkey ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Motion Integration ◽  
Middle Temporal Area

Coherence and Motion Transparency in Rigid and Nonrigid Plaids

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Wright ◽  
Kevin N Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Relative Orientation ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Slight Tendency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Relative Contrast ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Plaid Motion ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
High Coherence

Under a wide range of conditions, stimuli composed of two superimposed grating components with unequal rotation velocities (differing in sign and/or magnitude) gave a striking percept of a single, coherent, nonrigidly deforming plaid surface. Conversely, component angular velocities of the same sign and magnitude yielded rigidly rotating plaids. Rigidity and motion coherence were shown to be independent percepts, and coherent plaids were categorised unambiguously as rigid or nonrigid. Coherence and motion transparency were found to depend upon the relative orientation of components, and polar plots showed two lobes of high coherence for narrow intercomponent angles. There was a slight tendency for plaids with unequal component rotations to appear less coherent, but this was nonsignificant, once the effect of intercomponent angle was taken into account. Changes in the relative spatial frequency of components, relative contrast of components, and repeated presentation produced equivalent effects on coherence for rigid and nonrigid types of plaid motion. Manipulation of the terminators in the display by making the aperture diameters for the two component gratings unequal reduced coherence and increased transparency. The effect was the same for rigid and nonrigid plaids. Coherence in rigid and nonrigid plaids thus depends primarily on local processes and there is no strong interaction between rigidity and coherence.

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