Only vulnerable adults show change in chronic low-grade inflammation after contemplative mental training: evidence from a randomized clinical trial

AbstractGrowing evidence suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation can be reduced through mindfulness-based mental training interventions. However, these results are inconsistent and based on patient populations with heterogeneous conditions. Similar research in healthy adults is lacking. Moreover, common intervention protocols involve varying combinations of different contemplative practices, such that it remains unclear which types of training most effectively influence biomarkers of inflammation. The present study investigated the effect of three distinct 3-month training modules cultivating a) interoception and present-moment focus (Presence), b) socio-affective skills (Affect), or c) socio-cognitive skills (Perspective) on the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in 298 healthy adults. We observed no group-level effect of training on either biomarker, but trend-level interactions of training type and participant sex. In additionally exploring the influence of participants’ baseline inflammation, a selective training effect emerged: Following the Presence module, participants with relatively higher inflammatory load showed stronger reduction in IL-6 on average, and in hs-CRP if they were male. Mindfulness- and attention-based mental practice thus appears most effective when targeting chronic low-grade inflammation in healthy adults, particularly in men. Overall, our data point to a floor effect in the reduction of inflammatory markers through contemplative mental training, suggesting that mental training may be less effective in improving basal biological health outcomes in healthy, low-stressed adults than in vulnerable populations.

Download Full-text

Structural plasticity of the social brain: Differential change after socio-affective and cognitive mental training

10.31231/osf.io/evcga ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Sofie L. Valk ◽

Boris C. Bernhardt ◽

Fynn-Mathis Trautwein ◽

Anne Böckler-Raettig ◽

Philipp Kanske ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Perspective Taking ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Social Intelligence ◽

Structural Plasticity ◽

Brain Morphology ◽

Present Moment ◽

Mental Training ◽

Cognitive Perspective ◽

Training Interventions ◽

Prosocial Motivation

Although neuroscientific research has revealed experience-dependent brain changes across the life span in sensory,motor, and cognitive domains, plasticity relating to social capacities remains largely unknown. To investigate whetherthe targeted mental training of different cognitive and social skills can induce specific changes in brain morphology,we collected longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data throughout a 9-month mental training interventionfrom a large sample of adults between 20 and 55 years of age. By means of various daily mental exercises and weeklyinstructed group sessions, training protocols specifically addressed three functional domains: (i) mindfulness-basedattention and interoception, (ii) socio-affective skills (compassion, dealing with difficult emotions, and prosocialmotivation), and (iii) socio-cognitive skills (cognitive perspective-taking on self and others and metacognition). MRI-based cortical thickness analyses, contrasting the different training modules against each other, indicated spatiallydiverging changes in cortical morphology. Training of present-moment focused attention mostly led to increases incortical thickness in prefrontal regions, socio-affective training induced plasticity in frontoinsular regions, and socio-cognitive training included change in inferior frontal and lateral temporal cortices. Module-specific structural brainchanges correlated with training-induced behavioral improvements in the same individuals in domain-specificmeasures of attention, compassion, and cognitive perspective-taking, respectively, and overlapped with task-relevantfunctional networks. Our longitudinal findings indicate structural plasticity in well-known socio-affective andsocio-cognitive brain networks in healthy adults based on targeted short daily mental practices. These findings couldpromote the development of evidence-based mental training interventions in clinical, educational, and corporatesettings aimed at cultivating social intelligence, prosocial motivation, and cooperation.

Download Full-text

Decreased emotional reactivity after 3-month socio-affective but not attention- or meta-cognitive-based mental training: A randomized, controlled fMRI study

10.31234/osf.io/n7hdj ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pauline Favre ◽

Philipp Kanske ◽

Haakon Engen ◽

Tania Singer

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Mental Practice ◽

Mental Training ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Emotion Reactivity ◽

Training Interventions ◽

Before And After

Meditation-based mental training interventions show great benefits for physical and mental health. However, it remains unclear how different types of mental practice differentially affect emotion processing at both the neuronal and the behavioural level. In the context of the ReSource project, 332 participants underwent an fMRI scan while performing an emotion reactivity task before and after three 3-month training modules cultivating 1) attention and interoceptive awareness (Presence); 2) socio-affective skills, such as compassion (Affect); 3) socio-cognitive skills, such as theory of mind (Perspective). Only the Affect module led to a significant reduction of experienced negative affect when processing images depicting human suffering. This decrease in emotion reactivity was associated with increased activation in cognitive control and emotion-regulation regions such as lateral parietal and prefrontal brain regions. We conclude that socio-affective, but not attention- or meta-cognitive based mental training is specifically efficient to improve emotion regulation capacities when facing adversity.

Download Full-text

Decreased emotional reactivity after 3-month socio-affective but not attention- or meta-cognitive-based mental training: A randomized, controlled fMRI study

10.31234/osf.io/6zx3k ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pauline Favre ◽

Philipp Kanske ◽

Haakon Engen ◽

Tania Singer

Keyword(s):

Emotion Regulation ◽

Cognitive Skills ◽

Emotional Reactivity ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Mental Practice ◽

Mental Training ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Emotion Reactivity ◽

Training Interventions ◽

Before And After

Download Full-text

Abstract 14849: Gender Differences in Impact of CYP2C19 Polymorphism and Low Grade Inflammation on Coronary Spasm in Patients with Vasospastic Angina (VSA)

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.14849 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Tomonori Akasaka ◽

Seiji Hokimoto ◽

Noriaki Tabata ◽

Kenji Sakamoto ◽

Kenichi Tsujita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronary Artery ◽

Coronary Artery Spasm ◽

Coronary Spasm ◽

Control Group ◽

Low Grade ◽

Cyp2c19 Genotype ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Hs Crp ◽

The Impact ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme families have been identified in extra hepatic tissues such as heart, vasculature, kidney, and lung. CYP2C19 localized in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium contributes to the regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether CYP2C19 genotype is associated with the vascular tonus in patients with VSA. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of CYP2C19 genotype on coronary artery spasm in patients with VSA. Methods: We examined the distribution of CYP2C19 genotype in patients with VSA (n=129) who were diagnosed by intra-coronary acetylcholine infusion test and healthy subjects (n=455) as control group. CYP2C19 genotypes were divided into 3 groups; (1) CYP2C19*1/*1: EM, (2) one loss-of-function allele (*1/*2, *1/*3: IM), and (3) two loss-of-function alleles (*2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3: PM). Moreover, we measured the level of high-sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) as a degree of low glade inflammation in each group. Results: The ratios of CYP2C19 genotype (EM, IM, and PM) were 30, 42, and 28% in VSA group, and 32, 49, and 19% in control group. In short, PM frequency was significantly higher in VSA than in control (28% vs 19%, P=0.026). In VSA group, the ratios of CYP2C19 genotype were 36, 44, and 20% in male, and 20, 39, and 41% in female, respectively. Briefly, the PM frequency was significantly higher in female than in male (41% vs 20%, P<0.001). Moreover, the level of hs-CRP was significantly higher in VSA group than in control group (0.17±0.367 vs 0.10.±0.240, P=0.02). When patients were stratified by gender, the level of hs-CRP was significantly higher in VSA group in female (0.11±0.198 vs 0.06±0.105, P=0.031) and male (0.20±0.438 vs 0.12±0.277, P=0.044). Multivariate analysis for coronary spasm indicated high age, hypertension, and high level of hs-CRP as predictive factors among all subjects. PM is a predictive factor for coronary spasm in female group only (OR3.1, 95%RI 1.525-6.317, P=0.002), but not in male (OR0.829, 95%RI 0.453-1.518, P=0.543). Conclusion: The CYP2C19 two loss-of-function alleles (PM) and low grade inflammation may be associated with pathophysiology of coronary artery spasm and the regulation of coronary tonus, especially in female.

Download Full-text

Abstract 11600: Long Sleep Duration and Low-Grade Inflammation: New Indicators of Arterial Stiffness in the Japanese at High-risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.11600 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Satoshi Niijima ◽

Michiaki Nagai ◽

Satoshi Hoshide ◽

Mami Takahashi ◽

Masahisa Shimpo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

High Risk ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Aortic Stiffness ◽

The Other ◽

Low Grade ◽

Long Sleep ◽

Hs Crp ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Recently, several studies have reported that long sleep duration was independently associated with increased aortic stiffness. On the other hand, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was associated with increased aortic stiffness. In this study, the relationships among self-reported sleep duration, hs-CRP and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were investigated in the Japanese at high-risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, we investigated whether antihypertensive treatment moderated these relationships or not. Methods: Among 4310 patients with one or more cardiovascular risks recruited for the Japan Morning Surge-Home Blood Pressure Study, brachial-ankle PWV and hs-CRP measurement were performed in the 2304 patients (64.7 years old, male 49.6%). A self-administered questionnaire included items on daily sleep duration was used. Results: According to the sleep duration (6h or less,6h to 8h,8h or more per night), significant associations of sleep duration were observed with PWV (1594 vs 1644 vs 1763 cm/s, p<0.0001).In the multiple regression analysis adjustment for confounders including age body mass index, total cholesterol, HbA1c and clinic systolic blood pressure (SBP), long sleep duration (8h or more per night) (B: 29, 95%CI: 1.0-56, p<0.05) and log hs-CRP (B: 25, 95%CI: 3.1-48, p<0.05) were significantly positively associated with PWV. A significant interaction was found between long sleep duration and antihypertensive agent non-use for PWV (p<0.05). Especially, in the group without calcium channel blockers (CCBs), long sleep duration was significantly associated with PWV (p<0.01), while a marginal significant synergetic relationship was observed between long sleep duration and log hs-CRP for PWV (p=0.07). On the other hand, there were no significant interactions between long sleep duration and angiotensin receptor blockers non-use. Conclusions: Long sleep duration and hs-CRP were significant indicators of increased PVW in the high-risk Japanese population. In those without CCBs, long sleep duration served as a strong determinant for arterial stiffness, marginally interacted by low-grade inflammation. CCBs use might be important not to aggravate artery remodeling caused by long sleep duration.

Download Full-text

Abstract 17996: Is There Gender Differences in Effect of CYP2C19 Polymorphisms or Low-grade Inflammation on Coronary Microvascular Disorder (CMVD)?

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.132.suppl_3.17996 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽

Author(s):

tomonori akasaka ◽

Seiji Hokimoto ◽

Hisao Ogawa

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Predictive Factors ◽

Provocation Test ◽

Low Grade ◽

Cyp2c19 Genotype ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hs Crp ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Specific CYPs localized in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium contribute to the regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis. CYP2C19 poor metabolizer(PM) is reported to be an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. And, CYP2C19 PM is correlated with an increase in the circulating levels of hs-CRP in female. However, it is unknown whether CYP2C19 genotype is associated with the coronary microvascular disorder (CMVD).So, we examined gender differences in effect of CYP2C19 genotype and low grade inflammation on CMVD. Methods: We examined CYP2C19 genotypes in patients with CMVD (n=54) diagnosed by an intracoronary acetylcholine infusion test, with healthy subjects (n=76) serving as the control. CMVD was defined as the presentation of no coronary artery stenosis in angiography, no epicardial spasms, inversion of lactic acid levels between intracoronary and coronary sinuses in the intracoronary acetylcholine-provocation test, and an adenosine triphosphate-induced CFR<2.5. CYP2C19 genotypes were divided into 3 groups: (1) CYP2C19*1/*1 , extensive metabolizer (EM), (2) one loss-of-function allele (*1/*2, *1/*3; intermediate metabolizer [IM]), and (3) two loss-of-function alleles (*2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3;[PM]). Results: The ratios of CYP2C19 genotype (EM,IM,and PM) were 31,39,and 30% in CMVD , and 32,49,and 19% in control. There is no significant difference in frequency of CYP2C19 genotype in overall (P=0.146). But, PM frequency was significantly higher in CMVD in only female (34% vs 16%, P=0.042). In level of hs-CRP, there is no significant difference between CMVD and control (0.111±0.080 vs 0.083±0.128,P=0.122), but significantly higher in CMVD in only female (0.112±0.106 vs 0.066±0.106,P=0.002). Moreover, in CMVD, mean of hs-CRP in CYP2C19 PM is significantly higher than that of EM in female (0.115±0.074 vs 0.046±0.039,P=0.034). Multivariate analysis for CMVD indicated that hypertension and chronic kidney disease are predictive factors among all subjects (OR 3.931,P=0.003, OR 3.146,P=0.026). High level of hs-CRP and CYP2C19 PM are predictive factors for CMVD in only female (OR3.864,P=0.047, OR6.079,P=0.042). Conclusion: CYP2C19 PM and low grade inflammation may be associated with CMVD, especially in female.

Download Full-text

Abstract 14862: Gender Differences in Impact of CYP2C19 Polymorphism and Low Grade Inflammation on Coronary Microvascular Disease

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.130.suppl_2.14862 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽

Author(s):

Tomonori Akasaka ◽

Seiji Hokimoto ◽

Noriaki Tabata ◽

Kenji Sakamoto ◽

Kenichi Tsujita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microvascular Disease ◽

Control Group ◽

Female Group ◽

Low Grade ◽

Cyp2c19 Genotype ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Disease Group ◽

Hs Crp ◽

The Impact ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Specific CYPs localized in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium contribute to the regulation of vascular tone and homeostasis. CYP2C19 two loss-of-function alleles (PM) were found to be an independent risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, and PM is associated with the coronary spasm especially in female. However, it is unknown whether CYP2C19 genotype is associated with the coronary microvascular disease. The aim was to evaluate the impact of CYP2C19 genotype on coronary microvascular disease. Methods: We examined CYP2C19 genotype in patients with microvascular disease (n=40) who were diagnosed by intra-coronary acetylcholine infusion test and healthy subjects (n=455) as control group. We defined the coronary microvascular disease that have no epicardial spasm and have angina, ischemic ECG changes, reduced coronary blood flow, or inversion of lactic acid level between intra-coronary and coronary sinus. CYP2C19 genotypes were divided into 3 groups; (1) CYP2C19*1/*1: EM, (2) one loss-of-function allele (*1/*2, *1/*3: IM), and (3) two loss-of-function alleles (*2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3: PM). Results: The ratios of CYP2C19 genotype (EM, IM, and PM) were 33, 35, and 32% in microvascular disease group, and 32, 49, and 19% in control group. In short, PM frequency was significantly higher in microvascular disease group (32%vs19%,P=0.039). In microvascular disease group, the ratios of CYP2C19 genotype (EM, IM, and PM) were 44, 38, and 19% in male, and 25, 33, and 42% in female, respectively. Briefly, the PM frequency was significantly higher in female than in male (42%vs19%,P=0.011). Moreover, the level of hs-CRP was significantly higher in microvascular disease group (0.37±0.908 vs 0.10±0.240, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis for microvascular disease indicated that gender, high age, smoking, hypertension, and the high level of hs-CRP are predictive factors among all subjects. PM is a predictive factor for microvascular disease in female group only (OR3.214, 95%RI 1.286-8.034, P=0.012), but not in male (OR0.909, 95%RI 0.251-3.285, P=0.884). Conclusion: The CYP2C19 two loss-of-function alleles (PM) and low grade inflammation may be associated with pathophysiology of coronary microvascular disease, especially in female.

Download Full-text

Prepubertal Children Exposed to Maternal Gestational Diabetes Have Latent Low-Grade Inflammation

Hormone Research in Paediatrics ◽

10.1159/000491938 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 90 (2) ◽

pp. 109-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Leena Antikainen ◽

Jarmo Jääskeläinen ◽

Henrikki Nordman ◽

Raimo Voutilainen ◽

Hanna Huopio

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Low Grade ◽

Prepubertal Children ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Hs Crp ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Background: Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and overweight are associated with an increased risk of obesity and the metabolic syndrome in the adult offspring. We studied the influence of maternal GDM on prepubertal children’s height, weight, body mass index (BMI), lipid and glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation. Methods: A cohort of 135 prepubertal Caucasian children (age range 4.4–9.7 years) was studied in a controlled cross-sectional study. Seventy-seven children had been exposed to maternal GDM, and 58 children born after a normal pregnancy served as controls. The outcomes were height, weight, BMI, blood pressure, and biochemical markers of glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation. Results: There were no differences in height, weight, BMI, fasting serum insulin, plasma glucose, lipids, or blood pressure between the study groups. However, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was significantly higher in the GDM group than in the controls (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Higher hs-CRP as a marker of low-grade inflammation was detected in prepubertal children exposed to maternal GDM, but no differences were seen in height, weight, BMI, or markers of glucose and lipid metabolism compared to control children. This finding may reflect an ongoing process of metabolic changes in children born after a GDM pregnancy.

Download Full-text

Multiplex Bead Array Assay of a Panel of Circulating Cytokines and Growth Factors in Patients with Albuminuric and Non-Albuminuric Diabetic Kidney Disease

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9093006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 3006

Author(s):

Vadim V. Klimontov ◽

Anton I. Korbut ◽

Nikolai B. Orlov ◽

Maksim V. Dashkin ◽

Vladimir I. Konenkov

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Low Grade ◽

Hs Crp ◽

Low Grade Inflammation ◽

Egfr Decline ◽

Multiplex Bead ◽

Circulating Cytokines

A panel of cytokines and growth factors, mediating low-grade inflammation and fibrosis, was assessed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and different patterns of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients with long-term T2D (N = 130) were classified into four groups: no signs of CKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 without albuminuria; albuminuria and eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2; albuminuria and eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Thirty healthy subjects were acted as control. Twenty-seven cytokines and growth factors were assessed in serum by multiplex bead array assay. Serum hs-CRP, urinary nephrin, podocine, and WFDC2 were measured by ELISA. Patients with T2D showed elevated IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-17A, G-CSF, IP-10, MIP-1α, and bFGF levels; concentrations of IL-4, IL-12, IL-15, INF-γ, and VEGF were decreased. IL-6, IL-17A, G-CSF, MIP-1α, and bFGF correlated negatively with eGFR; IL-10 and VEGF demonstrated negative associations with WFDC2; no relationships with podocyte markers were found. Adjusted IL-17A and MIP-1α were predictors of non-albuminuric CKD, IL-13 predicted albuminuria with preserved renal function, meanwhile, IL-6 and hsCRP were predictors of albuminuria with eGFR decline. Therefore, albuminuric and non-albuminuric CKD in T2D patients are associated with different pro-inflammatory shifts in the panel of circulating cytokines.

Download Full-text

Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron, Iron Load and Hypoxia May Induce Low-Grade Inflammation in Patients with Thalassemia Intermedia.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.4072.4072 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 4072-4072

Author(s):

Antonios Kattamis ◽

Emmanuel Kanavakis ◽

Vassilios Ladis ◽

Christos Kattamis ◽

Ioannis Papassotiriou

Keyword(s):

Clinical Chemistry ◽

Graphite Furnace ◽

Heme Iron ◽

Tissue Hypoxia ◽

Low Grade ◽

Thalassemia Intermedia ◽

Transfusion Therapy ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Hs Crp ◽

Low Grade Inflammation

Abstract Abstract 4072 Poster Board III-1007 Background Inflammation is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of thalassemia. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-a are known to be elevated in thalassemic patients, suggestive a low-grade inflammatory status. These levels are comparable to the ones observed in patients with diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis. Altered redox status has also been shown in thalassemic erythrocytes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in increased amounts after the precipitation of excess unmatched globin chains, the deposition of non-heme iron and hemichromes and the induced inflammation. In this study we assessed the levels and possible causes of inflammatory status in patients with thalassemia intermedia (TI). Patients and Methods Thirty-five patients with TI, 13 men and 22 women, aged 8-63 years were included in the study. None of the patients had received any transfusion therapy for at least 6 months prior of sampling, while 25/35 patients had been splenectomized. We measured the hematologic and biochemical parameters, including Hb, HbF ferritin and soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR) with standard methodology. Serum concentrations of non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) were estimated using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Determination of high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP or cardiophase-CRP) was performed using the Siemens Advia 1800 Clinical Chemistry System. Furthermore, we obtained P50 values from oxygen equilibrium curves (OEC) drawn in fresh whole blood. Oxygen delivery and release parameters were calculated using the “Siggaard–Andersen's Oxygen Status Algorithm”. Results hs-CRP levels were elevated 2.12±0.55 mg/L compared to lean control values 1.2±0.19 mg/L (p<0.008). Most of the patients (60 %) showed evidence of low-grade inflammation based on the hs-CRP levels. NTBI levels were significantly elevated (2.4±2.2micromol/L), with only 10/30 patients having levels <0.5micromol/L, which is proposed as normal limit. As accepted P50 values were indicative of relative tissue hypoxia (all patients demonstrate increase oxygen affinity). All of the patients showed evidence of increased eryhtropoeitic activity, as indicate by the elevated sTfR levels ranged from 4.0 to 22.9mg/L (3- to 19-fold increase of erythroid marrow activity). The main results of the evaluated correlations showed that: a) hs-CRP levels correlated positively with NTBI concentrations (r=0.741, p<0.0001), b) hs-CRP levels correlated positively with ferritin levels (r=0.522, p=0.004) and c) hs-CRP levels correlated negatively with P50 values (r=-0.409, p=0.03), while no correlation was found between hs-CRP levels and the degree of ineffective erythropoiesis expressed as sTfR concentrations (p> 0.223). Conclusions These findings demonstrate that patients with TI have a chronic low-grade inflammation. Similar inflammatory status has been also shown in patients with atherosclerosis, diabetes and obesity. The level of inflammation correlated with indexes of iron homoestasis, alteration of which is commonly observed in patients with TI. Thus, it seems plausible that the oxidative effects of NTBI and increased iron burden result in chronic inflammation in these patients. The observed negative correlation of inflammation and P50 is of interest, as it indicates possible involvement of tissue hypoxia in inflammation processes. Disclosures: Kattamis: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.

Download Full-text