scholarly journals Publisher Correction: Reservoir characteristics and logging evaluation of gas − bearing mudstone in the south of North China Plain

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Liu ◽  
Heping Pan ◽  
Zhenzhou Lin ◽  
Shihui Zhang ◽  
Zhen Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
The South ◽  
Reservoir Characteristics ◽  
Gas Bearing

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

scholarly journals Reservoir characteristics and logging evaluation of gas−bearing mudstone in the south of North China Plain

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Liu ◽  
Heping Pan ◽  
Zhenzhou Lin ◽  
Shihui Zhang ◽  
Zhen Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reservoir Characteristics ◽  
Overlay Method ◽  
Reservoir Parameter ◽  
Gas Bearing

Abstract Mudstone is very similar to shale except it lacks sheet bedding. Shale gas is widely concerned and successfully exploited commercially in the world, while gas-bearing mudstone is rarely paid attention. To evaluate the reservoir characteristics and exploitation potential of gas-bearing mudstone, a total of 127 mudstone samples from the Shanxi formation were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), gas content, etc., and the qualitative identification and quantitative evaluation of gas-bearing mudstone reservoirs were performed on four wells using the logging curve overlay method and reservoir parameter calculation equations. The results showed that: (1) the average total gas content of core measurement is 1.81 m3/t, and the total content of brittle minerals is 44.2%, which confirms that mudstones can also have good gas content and fracturing performance; (2) logging evaluation the average thickness of gas-bearing mudstone is 55.7 m, the average total gas content is 1.6 m3/t, and the average brittleness index is 38.1%, which indicates that the mudstone of Shanxi formation in the study area is generally gas-bearing and widely distributed. All the results reveal that gas-bearing mudstone with block bedding has the same exploitation potential as shale with sheet bedding,which deserves more attention.

China: The South–North Water Transfer Project—is it justified?

Water Policy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Berkoff
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
North Water ◽  
Stressed Region

The South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP), if fully developed, could divert 40-50 km3/yr from the Yangtse basin to the North China plain, alleviating water scarcity for 300-325M people living in what even then will be a highly water-stressed region. Construction of the next stage, diverting up to 20 km3 at a cost of about $17,000M (including $7000M in ancillary costs), is to start in 2002/3. A recent World Bank study suggests that the project is economically attractive. This conclusion has been disputed by the World Wildlife Fund (now the Worldwide Fund for Nature). This paper concludes that little confidence can be placed in either of these analyses. It therefore seeks to throw light on how the project fits within a broader regional and agricultural development setting. The project is hugely expensive, and would at the margin tend to preserve water in low value agriculture and require the resettlement of upwards of 300,000 people. On the other hand, the pace and scale of socio-economic change in China are without precedent, and adjustment problems on the North China plain are greatly exacerbated by water scarcity. Reallocation of water from irrigation to municipal and industrial uses or to the environment is socially divisive and in some instances physically impracticable. The transfer project would greatly alleviate these difficulties. It is these arguments (which are ultimately political and pragmatic), rather than those based strictly on economic or food security concerns, that make the Government's decision to proceed with the project fully understandable.

scholarly journals Intra-regional transport of black carbon between the south edge of the North China Plain and central China during winter haze episodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 4499-4516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Zheng ◽  
Shaofei Kong ◽  
Fangqi Wu ◽  
Yi Cheng ◽  
Zhenzhen Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Central China ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
Regional Air Quality ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. Black carbon (BC), which is formed from the incomplete combustion of fuel sources (mainly fossil fuel, biofuel and open biomass burning), is a chemically inert optical absorber in the atmosphere. It has significant impacts on global climate, regional air quality and human health. During transportation, its physical and chemical characteristics as well as its sources change dramatically. To investigate the properties of BC (i.e., mass concentration, sources and optical properties) during intra-regional transport between the southern edge of the North China Plain (SE-NCP) and central China (CC), simultaneous BC observations were conducted in a megacity (Wuhan – WH) in CC, in three borderline cities (Xiangyang – XY, Suixian – SX and Hong'an – HA; from west to east) between the SE-NCP and CC, and in a city (Luohe – LH) in the SE-NCP during typical winter haze episodes. Using an Aethalometer, the highest equivalent BC (eBC) mass concentrations and the highest aerosol absorption coefficients (σabs) were found in LH in the SE-NCP, followed by the borderline cities (XY, SX and HA) and WH. The levels, sources, optical properties (i.e., σabs and absorption Ångström exponent, AAE) and geographic origins of eBC were different between clean and polluted periods. Compared with clean days, higher eBC levels (26.4 %–163 % higher) and σabs (18.2 %–236 % higher) were found during pollution episodes due to the increased combustion of fossil fuels (increased by 51.1 %–277 %), which was supported by the decreased AAE values (decreased by 7.40 %–12.7 %). The conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) results showed that the geographic origins of biomass burning (BCbb) and fossil fuel (BCff) combustion-derived BC were different. Air parcels from the south dominated for border sites during clean days, with contributions of 46.0 %–58.2 %, whereas trajectories from the northeast showed higher contributions (37.5 %–51.2 %) during pollution episodes. At the SE-NCP site (LH), transboundary influences from the south (CC) exhibited a more frequent impact (with air parcels from this direction comprising 47.8 % of all parcels) on the ambient eBC levels during pollution episodes. At WH, eBC was mainly from the northeast transport route throughout the observation period. Two transportation cases showed that the mass concentrations of eBC, BCff and σabs all increased, from upwind to downwind, whereas AAE decreased. This study highlights that intra-regional prevention and control for dominant sources at each specific site should be considered in order to improve the regional air quality.

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