scholarly journals Plant age at the time of ozone exposure affects flowering patterns, biotic interactions and reproduction of wild mustard

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Duque ◽  
Erik H. Poelman ◽  
Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Good Explanation ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Plant Age ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Wild Mustard

AbstractExposure of plants to environmental stressors can modify their metabolism, interactions with other organisms and reproductive success. Tropospheric ozone is a source of plant stress. We investigated how an acute exposure to ozone at different times of plant development affects reproductive performance, as well as the flowering patterns and the interactions with pollinators and herbivores, of wild mustard plants. The number of open flowers was higher on plants exposed to ozone at earlier ages than on the respective controls, while plants exposed at later ages showed a tendency for decreased number of open flowers. The changes in the number of flowers provided a good explanation for the ozone-induced effects on reproductive performance and on pollinator visitation. Ozone exposure at earlier ages also led to either earlier or extended flowering periods. Moreover, ozone tended to increase herbivore abundance, with responses depending on herbivore taxa and the plant age at the time of ozone exposure. These results suggest that the effects of ozone exposure depend on the developmental stage of the plant, affecting the flowering patterns in different directions, with consequences for pollination and reproduction of annual crops and wild species.

A survey of the occurrence of seedling weeds in spring annual crops in Manitoba

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Thomas ◽  
D. I. Donaghy
Keyword(s):  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Wild Buckwheat ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail

A floristic survey for weeds in spring annual crops throughout Manitoba from 1975 to 1978 indicated the occurrence of a total of 83 species in 654 fields. Field counts were done during June when the crop and weeds were in the seedling stage. In terms of total abundance, the 28 annual dicotyledonous weeds were found to be the most important group among the 50 species occurring in more than 1% of the fields. Wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.) were the most widespread and abundant species in this group with mean densities from 9.6 to 16.2 plants m−2. The combined abundance of green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.), wild oats (Avena fatua L.), and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.), the three major annual monocotyledonous weeds, was nearly equal to that of the annual dicotyledonous weed group. Green foxtail was the most abundant weed, occurring in 89% of the fields at mean densities of 270.5 plants m−2. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) and perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) were the most abundant species in the biennial and perennial weed group and had mean densities of 4.4–4.8 plants m−2 in infested fields. Key words: Weed survey, green foxtail, wild oats, wild buckwheat, wild mustard, Canada thistle

scholarly journals Assessing Steady-state Fluorescence and PRI from Hyperspectral Proximal Sensing as Early Indicators of Plant Stress: The Case of Ozone Exposure

Sensors ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1740-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Meroni ◽  
Micol Rossini ◽  
Valentina Picchi ◽  
Cinzia Panigada ◽  
Sergio Cogliati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Proximal Sensing ◽  
Steady State Fluorescence ◽  
Early Indicators

scholarly journals Biotic interactions govern genetic adaptation to toxicants

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1806) ◽  
pp. 20150071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremias Martin Becker ◽  
Matthias Liess
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Genetic Adaptation ◽  
Resistance Allele ◽  
Selective Predation ◽  
Toxic Environment ◽  
Selection For

The genetic recovery of resistant populations released from pesticide exposure is accelerated by the presence of environmental stressors. By contrast, the relevance of environmental stressors for the spread of resistance during pesticide exposure has not been studied. Moreover, the consequences of interactions between different stressors have not been considered. Here we show that stress through intraspecific competition accelerates microevolution, because it enhances fitness differences between adapted and non-adapted individuals. By contrast, stress through interspecific competition or predation reduces intraspecific competition and thereby delays microevolution. This was demonstrated in mosquito populations ( Culex quinquefasciatus ) that were exposed to the pesticide chlorpyrifos. Non-selective predation through harvesting and interspecific competition with Daphnia magna delayed the selection for individuals carrying the ace-1 R resistance allele. Under non-toxic conditions, susceptible individuals without ace-1 R prevailed. Likewise, predation delayed the reverse adaptation of the populations to a non-toxic environment, while the effect of interspecific competition was not significant. Applying a simulation model, we further identified how microevolution is generally determined by the type and degree of competition and predation. We infer that interactions with other species—especially strong in ecosystems with high biodiversity—can delay the development of pesticide resistance.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Pinus pinaster SnRKs Reveals Clues of the Evolution of This Family and a New Set of Abiotic Stress Resistance Biomarkers

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Colina ◽  
María Carbó ◽  
Ana Álvarez ◽  
Luis Valledor ◽  
María Jesús Cañal
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Ethylene Signaling ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Selection Of

Climate change is increasing the intensity and incidence of environmental stressors, reducing the biomass yields of forestry species as Pinus pinaster. Selection of new stress-tolerant varieties is thus required. Many genes related to plant stress signaling pathways have proven useful for this purpose with sucrose non-fermenting related kinases (SnRK), conserved across plant evolution and connected to different phosphorylation cascades within ABA- and Ca2+-mediated signaling pathways, as a good example. The modulation of SnRKs and/or the selection of specific SnRK alleles have proven successful strategies to increase plant stress resistance. Despite this, SnRKs have been barely studied in gymnosperms. In this work P. pinaster SnRK sequences (PpiSnRK) were identified through a homology- and domain-based sequence analysis using Arabidopsis SnRK sequences as query. Moreover, PpiSnRKs links to the gymnosperm stress response were modeled out of the known interactions of PpiSnRKs orthologs from other species with different signaling complexity. This approach successfully identified the pine SnRK family and predicted their central role into the gymnosperm stress response, linking them to ABA, Ca2+, sugar/energy and possibly ethylene signaling. These links made the gymnosperm kinases promising candidates into the search for new stress resistance-related biomarkers, which would be useful into future breeding strategies.

scholarly journals Pollinators, pests and soil properties interactively shape oilseed rape yield

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignasi Bartomeus ◽  
Vesna Gagic ◽  
Riccardo Bommarco
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Surrounding Landscape

1. Pollination, pest control, and soil properties are well known to affect agricultural production. These factors might interactively shape crop yield, but most studies focus on only one of these factors at a time. 2. We used 15 winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) fields in Sweden to study how variation among fields in pollinator visitation rates, pollen beetle pest attack rates and soil properties (soil texture, pH and organic carbon) interactively determined crop yield. The fields were embedded in a landscape gradient with contrasting proportions arable and semi-natural land. 3. Pollinator, pest and soil property variables formed bundles across the sites. In general, pollinator visitation and pest levels were negatively correlated and varied independently of soil properties. Because above- and below-ground processes reacted at contrasting spatial scales, it was difficult to predict bundle composition based on the surrounding landscape structure. 4. The above-ground biotic interactions and below-ground abiotic factors interactively affected crop yield. Pollinator visitation was the strongest predictor positively associated with yield. High soil pH also benefited yield, but only at lower pest loads. Surprisingly, high pest loads increased the pollinator benefits for yield. 5. Synthesis and applications Implementing management plans at different spatial scales can create synergies among bundles of above- and below-ground ecosystem processes, but both scales are needed given that different processes react to different spatial scales.

scholarly journals Postharvest Performance of Poinsettia Plants Exposed to Low Light Levels, Low Temperatures, and Low Substrate Moisture

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben A. Bergmann ◽  
John M. Dole ◽  
Ingram McCall
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Early Mars ◽  
Substrate Moisture

Responses of 14 to 20 poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cultivars were assessed following exposure to environmental stressors common in the crop’s postproduction supply chain and consumer environment: low light levels, low temperatures, and low substrate moisture. As indicated by number of days to unacceptable appearance, 14 cultivars tolerated three low light levels (10, 20, and 40 µmol·m–2·s–1) well, with all individuals of six of the cultivars exhibiting an acceptable appearance at 7 weeks when the experiment ended. An experiment with 20 cultivars showed them to be surprisingly tolerant of low temperatures for a short duration, with no differences found when averaging across cultivars among plants exposed to 2, 5, or 20 °C for 2 days. However, all cultivars exposed to 5 °C for 10 days performed poorly. Cultivars differed markedly in response to low substrate moisture, with frequency of unacceptable plants before 4 weeks across all treatments ranging from 0% to 87% among the 14 cultivars tested. Across 17 cultivars, acceptable plant appearance was extended from 23 days for plants that were never irrigated after 10 d in sleeves to 32 days for plants that received a single irrigation at unsleeving and not thereafter. The low temperatures and low substrate moisture experiments were conducted in 2 years, and years differed significantly for nearly all dependent variables assessed. The significant interaction between year and cultivar for all observed variables in those two experiments indicates the importance of conducting experiments such as these over 2 years or more. Potted plants of many of the poinsettia cultivars tested proved to be highly tolerant in terms of low light levels, low temperatures, and low substrate moisture. Three cultivars appeared to be most tolerant in two of the three experiments: Prestige Red (low light levels and low temperatures), Titan Red (low temperatures and low substrate moisture), and Whitestar (low light levels and low substrate moisture). Three cultivars were most tolerant to all three sources of postproduction plant stress: Christmas Day Red, Early Mars Red, and Titan White.

Identification and Characterization of Hsp70 from Lactuca sativa

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 1185-1188
Author(s):  
Yan Wei Cheng ◽  
Yan Zhao Zhang ◽  
Hui Yuan Ya ◽  
Chao Yun ◽  
Jian Ming Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
The World ◽  
Plant Stress Tolerance ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Identification And Characterization ◽  
Leaf Vegetable

Heat shock proteins (Hsp) were usually regarded as chaperones and play important role in plant stress tolerance. The expression of Hsps would be inducted when plant encounter lots of environmental stressors. Lactuca sativa was an important leaf vegetable in the world, but thermol stress seriously restricted its production. In this study, we isolated the Hsp70 members from Lactuca sativa database, a total of 5 Hsp70 members with completed open reading frame (ORF) were selected and further analysized. Results showed that the 5 LsHsp70 members were closely to Hsp70s in Arabidopsis, which indicated that the identified Hsp70 may responsible for thermotolerance in Lactuca sativa. The 5 new Hsp70s would be used as candidated genes for improving the tolerance trait of Lactuca sativa and others plants.

scholarly journals Allee Effects Determine Pollinator Services at Local and Geographic Scales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darío Sánchez-Castro ◽  
Georg Armbruster ◽  
Yvonne Willi
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Allee Effects ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
Pollinator Visitation ◽  
Arabidopsis Lyrata ◽  
Pollination Service ◽  
Census Size ◽  
Pollinator Service

Abstract Climatic factors have attracted much attention in the study of species’ distributions, while little is known about the role of biotic interactions. Here, we tested for variation in pollinator service across the distribution of a plant species, and evaluated the driving mechanisms. We monitored insect pollinators using time-lapse cameras in populations of North American Arabidopsis lyrata from the southern to the northern range limit. We spotted 67 pollinating insect taxa, indicating that this plant-pollinator network is a generalist system. Pollinator service increased with latitude. Higher pollinator visitation was correlated with the richness of other flowering plants and with plant census size, which was largest in northern populations. Furthermore, pollinator service reached a maximum at intermediate local flower density. Synthesis: This study indicates that pollination service underlies Allee effects on a local and species’ range scale, and that plant populations at range limits receive only marginal pollination service if they are small.

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