scholarly journals Female fertile phase synchrony, and male mating and reproductive skew, in the crested macaque

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Higham ◽  
Michael Heistermann ◽  
Muhammad Agil ◽  
Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah ◽  
Anja Widdig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Living ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Marked Variation ◽  
Phase Synchrony ◽  
Fertile Phase ◽  
Macaca Nigra ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
High Social Status

AbstractHigh social status is the primary determinant of reproductive success among group-living male mammals. Primates living in multimale–multifemale groups show the greatest variation in the strength of this link, with marked variation in reproductive skew by male dominance among species, dependent on the degree of female fertile phase synchrony, and the number of competing males. Here, we present data on two groups of wild crested macaques (Macaca nigra), living in the Tangkoko Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia. We investigated male monopolization of fertile females in 31 cycles of 19 females, and genetic paternity of 14 offspring conceived during the study period. We show that female fertile phase synchrony was low, that females had few mating partners in their fertile phase, and that dominant males monopolized a high proportion of consortships and matings, resulting in marked and steep mating and reproductive skew. We conclude that female cycle asynchrony provides the opportunity for strong direct male–male competition in crested macaques, resulting in monopolization of females by dominant males, consistent with their marked sexual dimorphism. Our study provides a test of the underlying factors that determine the relative occurrence and strength of different mechanisms of sexual selection, and the phenotypes that evolve as a result.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI TINGKAH ALPHA MALE MONYET HITAM (Macaca nigra) DI CAGAR ALAM TANGKOKO

ZOOTEC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Ryan G.H. Mondoringin ◽  
Rita S.H Wungow ◽  
Jantje Paath ◽  
Joice J.I Rompas
Keyword(s):  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Mating Activity ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
Macaca Nigra ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Group 1

IDENTIFICATION OF ALPHA MALE BLACK MONKEY (Macaca nigra) BEHAVIOR IN THE NATURE RESERVE TANGKOKO. This study aims to get the latest specific data regarding behavior Alpha male / Rambo dominant male in the group 1 in the nature reserve Tangkoko. Materials used 1 Monkey Black Male Dominant (Alpha Male) in group 1 residing Rambo in Tangkoko Nature Reserve Batuangus Bitung, North Sulawesi. The data obtained are analyzed and presented descriptively in the form of graphs or histograms. Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded as follows: (1) The most long-standing activity Alpha Male / Male Dominance in the morning is locomotion and foraging and agonistic. During the day are: foraging, locomotion, grooming, and inactive. (2) Activities are at least done either in the morning or during the day is the mating activity (coitus). (3) Behaviour Males Dominant Alpha Male is different from other black monkeys in one group   Keywords: Alpha Male (Macaca nigra), identification of behavior

scholarly journals Reproductive skew, fitness costs, and winner-loser effects in social-dominance evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Leimar ◽  
Redouan Bshary
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Hierarchy Formation ◽  
Winner And Loser Effects ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

Social hierarchies can increase reproductive skew in group-living animals. Using game theory we investigate how the opportunity for differently ranked individuals to acquire resources influences reproductive skew, costs of hierarchy formation, and winner and loser effects. Individuals adjust their aggressive and submissive behaviour through reinforcement learning. The learning is based on perceived rewards and penalties, which depend on relative fighting ability. From individual-based simulations we determine evolutionary equilibria of traits that control an individual's learning. We examine situations that differ in the extent of monopolisation of contested resources by dominants and in the amounts of uncontested resources that are distributed independently of rank. With costly fighting, we find that stable dominance hierarchies form, such that reproductive skew mirrors the distribution of resources over ranks. Individuals pay substantial costs of interacting, in particular in high-skew situations, with the highest costs paid by intermediately ranked individuals. For cases where dominants monopolise contested resources there are notable winner and loser effects, with winner effects for high ranks and very pronounced loser effects for lower ranks. The effects are instead weak when acquired resources increase linearly with rank. We compare our results on contest costs and winner-loser effects with field and experimental observations.

scholarly journals Persistent Copulation in Asexual Female   Potamopyrgus antipodarum: Evidence for Male Control with Size-Based Preferences

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda E. Nelson ◽  
Maurine Neiman
Keyword(s):  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
Potamopyrgus Antipodarum ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Female Behavior ◽  
Physical Role ◽  
Male Mating Behavior ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Post Hoc

Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction provide a useful context for investigating the evolutionary loss of nonfunctional traits. It is often assumed that useless behaviors or structures will degrade, but this process is poorly understood. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is an ancestrally sexual New Zealand freshwater snail characterized by numerous independent transitions to asexual all-female lineages. The availability of multiple independently-derived asexual lineages of various time since derivation from sexual ancestors means that the P. antipodarum system is well-suited for the study of trait loss related to mating behavior and copulation. Here, we asked whether mating behavior in asexual female P. antipodarum degrades with increasing asexual lineage age. While copulation frequency did not differ in females from old versus young asexual lineages, post hoc analyses indicated that it was instead positively associated with mean lineage female size. We observed that female P. antipodarum take a passive physical role in copulatory interactions, indicating that female behavior may not be a useful variable for detection of sex-related vestigialization in this system. Instead, males seem to be in proximate control of copulation frequencies, meaning that male mating behavior may be a primary determinant of the expression of mating behavior in asexual female P. antipodarum.

scholarly journals Spatial population genetic structure and colony dynamics in Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis) from the southern Kalahari

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Mynhardt ◽  
Lorraine Harris-Barnes ◽  
Paulette Bloomer ◽  
Nigel C. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Study ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Dispersal Distance ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Population Genetic Study ◽  
Spatial Population ◽  
Colony Fission

Abstract Background Non-random associations within and among groups of social animals can provide valuable insight into the function of group living and the evolution of social behaviour. Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis) demonstrate extremely high levels of reproductive skew, and dispersal is considered to be male-biased in onset and frequency, although asymmetry in dispersal distance is yet to be investigated. Dispersal may be positively correlated with increasing favourable environmental conditions, such as rainfall, however, the effects of ecological constraints on dispersal and colony fission–fusion dynamics have not previously been demonstrated on a spatial scale. Here we provide the first spatial population genetic study for this species. We investigated genetic structure in a population of Damaraland mole-rats from the southern Kalahari in South Africa over 3 years, combining observational dispersal data from mark-recapture with population genetic data to evaluate (1) sex-bias in frequency and distance of dispersal in this species, and (2) the effect of rainfall on fission–fusion dynamics of colonies. Results Our results demonstrate (1) that both males and females favour local dispersal but on rare occasions may disperse over distances greater than 400 m, (2) that males may disperse over greater distances than females, and (3) that males more frequently immigrate into established neighbouring colonies than females, who predominantly disperse by colony fission, i.e. multiple individuals “budding” from their native colony into a neighbouring territory, thereby establishing new colonies. Furthermore, our results demonstrate (4) elevated dispersal and colony fission in association with increased rainfall, supporting the hypothesis that rainfall may play a significant role in the maintenance and/or disruption of reproductive skew in Damaraland mole-rat populations. Conclusion This study represents the first fine-scale spatial population genetic study in Damaraland mole-rats, and provides relevant insights into colony fission–fusion dynamics in a social and cooperatively breeding species.

An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective of Indirect Aggression in Girls and Women

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Vaillancourt ◽  
Jaimie Arona Krems
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Physical Attractiveness ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
Mating Competition ◽  
Intrasexual Aggression ◽  
Male Mating Competition ◽  
To Receive ◽  
High Social Status

Although the effects of sexual selection on male mating competition and intrasexual aggression have been studied extensively for well over a century, female mating competition and intrasexual aggression have only begun to receive serious attention in recent decades. Here, we focus on one aspect of sexually selected competition in girls and women—rival derogation, which takes the form of indirect aggression. We argue that this tactic of intrasexual competition both reduces a rival’s ability to compete for desirable mates and helps aggressors achieve and maintain their own high social status. We further argue that physical attractiveness initiates the pathway leading to high social status, which is preserved through the use of indirect aggression and is associated with increased dating and sexual behavior.

scholarly journals Mating sequence, dominance and paternity success in captive male tammar wallabies

Reproduction ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily F Hynes ◽  
Carl D Rudd ◽  
Peter D Temple-Smith ◽  
George Sofronidis ◽  
Damien Paris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Equal Chance

The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) is a small, promiscuous, macropodid marsupial. Females usually produce a single young each year and there is a clear dominance hierarchy between adult males. The dominant male usually mates first and then guards the female to prevent access to her by other males. In this study, agonistic encounters and mating behaviour were observed to determine male dominance hierarchies in six groups of captive tammars consisting of a total of 23 males and 50 females. Mating behaviour was observed immediately post-partum when females were in oestrus and was correlated with plasma testosterone concentrations. Male mating sequences were recorded, and the paternity of offspring was determined by using seven macropodid marsupial microsatellites. Rates of sexual checking and aggression by males housed with females in oestrus in the non-breeding season were lower than in the breeding season. These males also had lower concentrations of testosterone, but were still able to sire young. High testosterone concentrations neither ensured dominance nor appeared to control directly the level of sexual activity. Females usually mated with more than one male. The dominant male most often secured the initial copulation (60%), but the first-mating male did not always secure parentage, with second and third matings resulting in as many young as first matings. Using these data, we were unable to discount first sire, last sire or equal chance models of paternity in this species. Half the young (50%) were sired by the dominant α male, but of the remaining progeny, the β male sired more (35%) than γ and δ males (15%). Dominance therefore is only a moderately effective predictor of paternity in the tammar. Although the dominant males gained most first matings and individually sired half of the offspring, the subdominant males still contributed significantly to the population, at least in captivity.

Microsatellite analysis reveals that female mice are indiscriminate when choosing infected or dominant males in an arena setting

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. EHMAN ◽  
M. E. SCOTT
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Microsatellite Analysis ◽  
Male Dominance ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Female Mate

Considering that both infection and dominance status can be conveyed through urinary odours and both are thought to affect mate choice, the present study assessed the role of infection and male dominance status on female mate choice in arena enclosures. Three male CD-1 mice were simultaneously introduced into each of 4 spatially complex arenas (3·0×0·6×0·4 m high) for 24 h prior to introduction of 5 females into each arena. During the first mating sequence (i.e. Mating 1), all 3 males were uninfected. Prior to Mating 2, the dominant male in each arena was infected with 200 L3 of Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda). Prior to Mating 3, the dominant male was drug-treated to remove the parasite. Dominance was assessed by the absence of rump or tail wounds (Freeland, 1981). Females were removed from the arena when visibly pregnant, and returned for subsequent mating 2 weeks following parturition. Paternity was determined by microsatellite analysis of each pup. Multi-male mating (i.e. mating with 2 or all 3 males) was a common strategy among females as littermates were sired by 2 or all 3 males in 64% of the litters. Contrary to expectation, the dominant male did not sire the majority of offspring in any of the mating sequences, and infection and subsequent drug treatment of the dominant male did not have a significant impact on female mate choice. In addition to methodological differences in paternity determination (i.e. DNA analysis versus behavioural observations and/or phenotypic traits), these findings may be further explained by the spatial complexity of the experimental arenas.

scholarly journals Skew in ovarian activation depends on domicile size in a facultatively social thrips

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James DJ Gilbert ◽  
Alice Wells ◽  
Stephen J Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Reproductive Skew ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Reproductive Competition ◽  
Ovarian Activation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Breeding Resources

Costs and benefits of group living are a fundamental topic in behavioural ecology. Resource availability affects individuals' breeding prospects alone and in groups, as well as how reproduction is distributed within groups ("reproductive skew"). Here, we provide correlational evidence in facultatively social thrips that breeding resources are associated with (1) whether solitary or social living is favoured, and (2) the degree of ovarian skew.Dunatothrips aneurae(Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae) cooperatively build silk "domiciles" on Australian acacias, feeding exclusively from internal phyllode surfaces. Per capita productivity scaled differently with group size depending on domicile volume - females in small domiciles did better alone than in groups, whereas in large domiciles single and group-nesting females did equally well. Ovarian dissections revealed that in small domiciles some females were nonreproductive, indicating ovarian (i.e. reproductive) skew. Skew increased as domicile size decreased and group size increased. Breeders had smaller oocyte volume in smaller domiciles, especially those containing nonreproductives. These findings suggest group formation and reproductive skew inD. aneuraemay be influenced by reproductive competition for breeding resources. Nonreproductive females in small domiciles may be reproductively suppressed, subfertile, or waiting to reproduce. We speculate they may avoid eviction by contributing as "helpers" to domicile maintenance.

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